哈勃090414：壮观的M87黑洞喷流
本帖最后由 gohomeman1 于 2009-12-18 14:13 编辑貌似我的翻译工作多得完不成了。这是哈勃今天刚刚更新的。
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/16/
April 14, 2009 09:00 AM (EDT)
News Release Number:STScI-2009-16
太空望远镜科研所2009年第16#新闻公报，美国东部时间2009.4.14 09:00公布。
Hubble Witnesses Spectacular Flaring in Gas Jet from M87's Black Hole
哈勃目击M87超级黑洞喷流冲击气体团产生的壮观闪光
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-a-web_print.jpg
April 14, 2009:
In our violent, discordant, and effervescent universe, reality always seems to be stranger than fiction. Case in point: there is a galaxy 54 million light-years away that is shooting out a 5,000-light-year-long, narrow beam of radiation and plasma that is as opulent as a Star Wars light saber and as destructive as the film's Death Star. This extragalactic jet is being fueled and ejected from the vicinity of a monster black hole that is 3 billion times the mass of our Sun. The disk around a rapidly spinning black hole has magnetic field lines that entrap ionized gas falling toward the black hole. These particles, along with radiation, flow rapidly away from the black hole along the magnetic field lines. The rotational energy of the spinning accretion disk adds momentum to the outflowing jet.
2009.4.14：在我们这个充满暴力、不和 谐的沸腾宇宙中，现实看上去比小说更离奇。比如本例：5400万光年外的M87星系中，星系核心喷射出长达5000光年的狭窄等离子辐射流，就像《星球大战》中（杰迪武士）光剑产生的毁灭一样。此河外星系射流是从（星系核心）30亿个太阳质量的魔鬼黑洞附近区域加热并喷射出去的。围绕飞速旋转黑洞的吸积盘中的等离子体，在磁力线作用下落入黑洞，同时部分粒子沿（黑洞两极的）磁力线方向加速离开黑洞。吸积盘的旋转动能（通过磁场机制）转移给了喷流。
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has been used to keep an eye on these million-degree fireworks for more than a decade. Hubble has caught the jet flickering. In particular, a glowing knot in the outflowing stream has gotten as bright as the galaxy's star-crowded nucleus, only to dim and then brighten again. Astronomers don't know why the black-hole torch is fluctuating, but it may be similar to the physics that causes flares to explode on the Sun. Plasma trapped in the Sun's magnetic field gets pinched and heated as the lines collapse and put the squeeze on it. Or, more simply, the jet may be plowing into an unseen clump of interstellar matter -- at more than half the speed of light!
哈勃望远镜持续关注这个百万级星际焰火事件已经过10年。哈勃注意到喷流强度在闪烁。尤其是，喷流中一个炽热的物质节暗下去又亮起来，有时甚至比挤满恒星的星系原核心还亮！天文学家不知道黑洞火炬如何明灭，但他们推测它可能与太阳耀斑爆发的物理过程类似。等离子体被太阳磁场捕获并被压缩、加热，然后随着磁力线崩溃而被挤压到太空。同样简单的道理，喷流被射进看不见的星际气体团——以超过光速一半的速度！
《星球大战》系列大家都看过吧，我是有它全部6集的DVD。可惜现在卢卡斯的后面续集改为CG了。
后面的能量转移方法以及语句，我做了部分更改。原文的意思显然是黑洞的磁场在起作用，但我认为黑洞的引力是唯一可以起作用的，黑洞的磁场必然被封闭在视界内。喷流现象中起作用的应该是不断添加的吸积盘物质的磁场。超高速旋转的等离子体必然会产生超强磁场，该磁场在黑洞附近被强烈的空间扭曲、旋转而纠结在一起。在视界附近，部分粒子落入黑洞，更多的粒子沿在两极方向沿磁力线加速离开（磁场起同步加速作用）。
磁力线能够约束等离子体，现在的受控热核聚变装置都是这样做的。以耀斑做类比，这是我头一次看见这个说法，但是非常简明易懂。只是英语写法上貌似缺了一句话，耀斑一般是与黑子伴生的，等离子体在太阳磁场中压缩并沿着黑子磁极附近的磁力线开口进入到太空。
——by gohomeman1
本帖最后由 gohomeman1 于 2009-4-15 03:44 编辑
按惯例，先上图后翻译。我还先把主旨做了，详细内容估计等明天吧。本来今天计划继续SM4任务的（千万不要想歪了，与日本的SM文化相提并论哦::27::）。
好消息，图本身不大，虽然尺寸比较大。
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-a-print.jpg
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
These images taken in ultraviolet light by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope reveal the brightening of a jet of gas blasting from the core of the gigantic elliptical galaxy M87. M87 is located 54 million light-years away in the Virgo Cluster.
上述组图是哈勃望远镜的紫外光图像。图中清晰显示M87星系核心的明亮气体喷流。M87离我们5400万光年，是室女座星系团的核心星系。
The flare-up is coming from a knot of hot gas, called HST-1, embedded in the jet. The jet is powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole, one of the most massive black holes yet discovered.
闪光来自嵌入喷流中的一个称为HST-1的灼热气体节。喷流由（星系核心的）超大质量黑洞补充（物质、能量），该黑洞是已知质量最大的黑洞之一。
Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) snapped the top row of images and Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) the bottom row. The core of M87 is located at lower left in the images. HST-1 is the bright blob at center. The glowing material at far right is part of a stream of particles in the jet that speed up and glow in the ultraviolet.
前几张图片来自哈勃的太空望远镜成像光谱仪（STIS），后面的图片由高级巡天相机(ACS)提供。M87的核心位于图中左下，HST-1是图中心附近的闪亮团块。右上远方是粒子喷流的一部分，它们被（同步）加速并辐射出紫外光。
The Hubble images, obtained from the Hubble archive, show the jet growing brighter over a seven-year period, eventually outshining even the luminous core of M87. The ACS image taken on May 9, 2005, reveals that HST-1 has become brighter than M87's core. HST-1 is 214 light-years from the core.
根据哈勃档案图片资料，喷流变亮的周期超过7年，期间喷流甚至比M87核心更亮。2005.5.9的ACS图像就显示HST-1变得比M87核心还亮。HST-1离核心214光年。
Hubble's crisp vision gives astronomers a clear view of the brightening knot. The telescope resolves HST-1 and separates it from the galaxy's core.
哈勃的敏锐视力给予天文学家关于这个明亮物质团块的清晰图像。哈勃望远镜把HST-1从星系核心图像中清晰的分解出来。
Object Name: M87
Image Type: Astronomical
Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Madrid (McMaster University)
——by gohomeman1 本帖最后由 gohomeman1 于 2009-4-16 12:26 编辑
嘿嘿，我现在发现google中搜索我的帖子都能找到的说（虚荣心不得了……）
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/16/full/
A flare-up in a jet of matter blasting from a monster black hole is givingastronomers an incredible light show.
这个由魔鬼黑洞驱动的喷流中的闪闪发光的物质团以不可思议的景象呈现在天文学家面前。
The outburst is coming from a blob of matter, called HST-1, embedded in the jet, a powerful narrow beam of hot gas produced by a supermassive black hole residing in the core of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. HST-1 is so bright that it is outshining even M87's brilliant core, whose monster black hole is one of the most massive yet discovered.
下图中的爆发景象来自嵌入M87核心喷流的物质团，天文学家称呼它为HST-1。巨椭圆星系M87核心的超大质量黑洞产生了这个强大的灼热气体柱。HST-1是如此的亮以致于它比M87明亮的星系核心更亮（参看上一楼和下一楼的图——译注），而M87核心的黑洞是已知最大质量的黑洞之一（另一个在M81核心，剩下的几个50亿以上的还存在许多争议——译注）。
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-h-web_print.jpg
The glowing gas clump has taken astronomers on a rollercoaster ride of suspense. Astronomers watched HST-1 brighten steadily for several years, then fade, and then brighten again. They say it's hard to predict what will happen next.
这炽热的气体团貌似把天文学家搁在了前途不明的过山车上。几年来，天文学家看着HST-1稳定的亮起来、暗下去，接着又亮起来了。他们说很难预测接下来会怎样。
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has been following the surprising activity for seven years, providing the most detailed ultraviolet-light view of the event. Other telescopes have been monitoring HST-1 in otherwave lengths, including radio and X-rays. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was the first to report the brightening in 2000. HST-1 was first discovered and named by Hubble astronomers in 1999. The gas knot is 214 light-years from the galaxy's core.
哈勃天文望远镜跟踪此惊人活动进程已经7年了，期间提供了大量事件的详细紫外光图像。其他望远镜也在不同的波段观测了HST-1，包括X线和射电波段。钱德拉X卫星最先在2000年观测到HST-1开始增亮。1999年，哈勃专家组首次把这个离星系核心214光年的气体团块命名为HST-1。
The flare-up may provide insights into the variability of black hole jets in distant galaxies, which are difficult to study because they are too far away. M87 is located 54 million light-years away in the Virgo Cluster, a region of the nearby universe with the highest density of galaxies.
对于遥远星系中的黑洞喷流而言，它们由于距离原因而很难研究，而爆发现象很可能提供了一个良好的研究黑洞喷流变化的机遇。M87离我们5400万光年，位于邻近宇宙中一个相当密集的星系团室女座星系团中（该星系团的中心星系——译注）。
"I did not expect the jet in M87 or any other jet powered by accretion onto a black hole to increase in brightness in the way that this jet does," says astronomer Juan Madrid of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, who conducted the Hubble study. "It grew 90 times brighter than normal. But the question is, does this happen to every single jet or active nucleus, or are we seeing some odd behavior from M87?"
“我无法预测M87核心喷流或者其他由黑洞补充的喷流的增亮行为”，哈勃研究专家组带头人、加拿大安大略省哈密尔顿市麦克马斯特大学的天文学家胡安.马德里说。“它比正常亮度增加了90倍之多。但问题是，这仅仅是M87过去的行为还是它将会发生在每个活动星系核或者单个喷流中？”
Hubble gives astronomers a unique near-ultraviolet view of the flare that cannot be accomplished with ground-based telescopes. "Hubble's sharp vision allows it to resolve HST-1 and separate it from the black hole," Madrid explains.
哈勃给天文学家提供了爆发现象独一无二的近紫外图，这是地面望远镜无法完成的。马德里解说道：“哈勃的清晰图像使我们能够把HST-1与星系核心的黑洞区分开来”。
Despite the many observations by Hubble and other telescopes,astronomers are not sure what is causing the brightening. One of the simplest explanations is that the jet is hitting a dust lane or gas cloud and then glows due to the collision. Another possibility is that the jet's magnetic field lines are squeezed together, unleashing a large amount of energy. This phenomenon is similar to how solar flares develop on the Sun and is even a mechanism for creating Earth's auroras.
尽管拥有哈勃和其他望远镜的大量观测资料，天文学家还是不明确HST-1大幅增亮的原因。一个最简单的解释是：喷流击中了一片尘埃带或者气体云，然后在碰撞过程中强烈发光。另一种很可能的解释是喷流的磁力线扭曲收缩在一起并释放出极大的能量。这个现象与太阳耀斑爆发类似，也是地球极光的产生原理。
The disk around a rapidly spinning black hole has magnetic fieldlines that entrap ionized gas falling toward the black hole. These particles, along with radiation, flow rapidly away from the black hole along the magnetic field lines. The rotational energy of the spinning accretion disk adds momentum to the outflowing jet.
围绕飞速旋转黑洞的吸积盘，因高速旋转而产生的磁力线，俘获等离子体并使它们落向黑洞。这些等离子体粒子沿着磁力线运动，伴随着（高能）辐射，迅速沿着磁力线远离黑洞。旋转吸积盘的转动能由此转给了（高速）喷射流。
Madrid assembled seven years' worth of Hubble archival images of the jet to capture changes in the HST-1's behavior over time. Hubble's view of the event. Some of the images came from observing programs that studied the galaxy, but not the jet.
马德里先生组合了7年来有关M87喷流的宝贵哈勃档案资料，以了解HST-1的行为特征。哈勃记录了（HST-1的）事件过程，某些图片来自对星系计划性的研究项目，并不针对喷流。
He found data from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)that showed a noticeable brightening between 1999 and 2001. In images from 2002 to 2005, HST-1 continued to rise steadily in brightness. In2003 the jet knot was more brilliant than M87's luminous core. In May2005 HST-1 became 90 times brighter than it was in 1999. After May 2005 the flare began to fade, but it intensified again in November 2006.This second outburst was fainter than the first one.
他从太空望远镜摄像光谱仪（STIS）的数据中发现，HST-1在1999-2001年间明显变亮。2002-2005的图像显示，HST-1继续稳定的变亮。2003年时这个喷流上的物质团比M87明亮的核心还亮，到了2005.5，HST-1更是比1999年上亮了90倍之多！然后爆发现象逐步消退，但它在2006.11再次增亮。当然这第二次增亮比第一次弱（基数高了嘛——译注）。
"By watching the outburst over several years, I was able to follow the brightness and see the evolution of the flare over time," Madridsays. "We are lucky to have telescopes like Hubble and Chandra, because without them we would see the increase in brightness in the core of M87, but we would not know where it was coming from."
“通过对爆发现象的多年观测，我能够随着亮度的变化而看见HST-1过去的整个演化过程”，马德里说。“幸亏我们拥有像哈勃和钱德拉那样的天文望远镜，否则，我们能够看见M87核心变亮，却不知道它发生在核心何处。”
Madrid hopes that future observations of HST-1 will reveal the cause of the mysterious activity. "We hope the observations will yield some theories that will give us some good explanations as to the mechanism that is causing the flaring," Madrid says. "Astronomers would like to know if this is an intrinsic instability of the jet when it plows its way out of the galaxy, or if it is something else."
马德里希望未来对HST-1的观测能够揭示这类神秘活动的成因。马德里说：“我们希望观测能够形成一些理论，如此在爆发变亮的形成机制方面给予我们一些好的解释。天文学家很想了解，当喷流沿着它的运动方向远离星系（核心）时，这种爆发现象是本身固有的不稳定喷射，还是其他什么原因”。
The study's results are published in the April 2009 issue of the AstronomicalJournal.
本研究报告发表在2009年4月号的《天文学杂志》上。
CONTACT Donna Weaver/Ray Villard
联系人唐娜.韦弗/雷维.拉德
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.
太空望远镜科学研究协会，巴尔的摩市，马里兰州
410-338-4514
villard@stsci.edu
Juan Madrid
胡安.马德里
McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
加拿大安大略省(哈密尔顿市)麦克马斯特大学
905-525-9140, ext. 26057
madridjp@mcmaster.ca
PS:带电粒子在磁场中加速会产生同步加速辐射。——by gohomeman1 一般来说，星系的变化不可能在几年内有明显改观。但是M87显然是个例外，我们看看7年来其强大黑洞核心引发的喷流是如何演化的。
M87 Nucleus and Bright Knot - STIS - May 17, 1999
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-b-full_jpg.jpg
M87 Nucleus and Bright Knot - STIS - February 27, 2002
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-c-full_jpg.jpg
M87 Nucleus and Bright Knot - STIS - July 17, 2002
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-d-full_jpg.jpg
M87 Nucleus and Bright Knot - ACS - April 17, 2003
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-e-full_jpg.jpg
M87 Nucleus and Bright Knot - ACS - May 9, 2005
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-f-full_jpg.jpg
M87 Nucleus and Bright Knot - ACS - November 28, 2006
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-g-full_jpg.jpg
大家可能奇怪，ACS怎么图像还是模糊呢？如果大家注意看我的SM4任务就会知道，ACS在紫外光区域的能力远远不如其在可见光能力的。大家看看这张图就知道了。
http://acs-repair.gsfc.nasa.gov/art/science/Disc_eff.jpg http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... /2009/16/fastfacts/
快速说明，一看便知
Technical facts about this news release: About the Survey Object Name:M87 JetObject Description:Giant Elliptical Galaxy with JetPosition (J2000):R.A. 12h 30m 49s.42
Dec. +12° 23' 28".03Constellation:VirgoDistance:54 million light-years (17 megaparsecs) About the Data Science Team:Thisimage was created from HST data from proposals: 8140, 8780, 8048, 9461,9829, 10133, and 10617: J. Biretta (STScI) and 9474: W. Sparks (STScI).Instrument:STIS; ACS/HRCExposure Date(s):May 1999 - December 2006Filters:F25QTZ; F220W and F250W About the Release Release Credit:NASA, ESA, and J. Madrid (McMaster University)Release Date:April 14, 2009Orientation/Scale:http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-16-h-compass_web.jpg 本帖最后由 gohomeman1 于 2009-4-15 02:04 编辑
由于表格的特性，本楼作为上楼的翻译说明
对象：M87喷流
对象描述：巨椭圆星系M87和它的喷流
下一栏是天球上的赤经赤纬
星座区：室女座
距离：5400万光年
——————————————————————————
科学家团队：图像根据哈勃档案（共8个档案编号）创建
观测仪器：STIS,ACS,HRC
曝光时间：1999.5——2006.12
滤光器：三个都是紫外光区域，第一个F25QTZ不太懂，QTZ是石英的意思，它是STIS用的。后面是2个波长数据，0.22微米、0.25微米。
距离 视频下载，Hubble官网很奇怪，a视频有声音无注解，b视频有注解无声音。都是HD画质的，演示从宇宙——室女座星系团——M87——核心喷流的过程。
A视频
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/videos/hs-2009-16-a-1280x720_wmv.wmv
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/videos/hs-2009-16-a-1280x720_quicktime.mp4
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/videos/hs-2009-16-a-1280x720_xvid.avi
B视频
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/videos/hs-2009-16-b-1280x720_wmv.wmv
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/videos/hs-2009-16-b-1280x720_quicktime.mp4
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/videos/hs-2009-16-b-1280x720_xvid.avi 贴一张1999年的哈勃官网对M87喷流的解释图。 本帖最后由 gohomeman1 于 2009-4-15 14:47 编辑
另外几张参考图，我以前从官网下的，就不再一一贴出原网址了。
气体吸积盘的光谱既有紫移也有红移的，说明吸积盘在高速旋转，同时这个盘与我们的视线有角度。
整个喷流的图，第一张说明喷流在远方散开，这也是第一楼中所谓喷流射入看不见的气体云的依据图片，确实它在可见光下看不见的（第2图）。最后一张是星系核心细节，注意其分辨率，一是惊讶于VLBA的精度，二是说明黑洞虽然有30亿太阳质量，但占据的天区并不大。
本帖最后由 gohomeman1 于 2009-4-20 01:42 编辑
最后一张图显示，美国的甚长基线射电望远镜（干涉）阵列的分辨率简直不得了，不知道比ACS强多少倍呢，0.01光年的分辨率，那可是5400万光年距离啊！ 太强大了! 30亿个太阳质量~LZ也太强大了!! 看不懂啊看不懂！还好有懂得人解释。我要好好学习！争取不当小白。 学习了，真的很壮观！ ::070821_09.jpg::惊叹LZ的强大！一句老话！牧夫人才多啊！
学习！！！ M87这个家伙又抢镜头了::070821_04.jpg:: 看完还是不太懂，只知道M87有“大”事发生。。。 谢谢LZ翻译。
很壮观啊 翻译完成了。关于吸积盘，请进一步参考这篇翻译文章，由于我一开始没细看内容，所以标题有些不准确
http://www.astronomy.com.cn/bbs/thread-108080-1-1.html 关于黑洞的高级知识帖，需要你有相当好的数学、物理知识水平
http://www.astronomy.com.cn/bbs/thread-107822-1-1.html
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