yang012 发表于 2006-1-5 14:59

Charon’s radius and atmospheric constraints冥王星卫星新成果

Charon's radius and atmospheric constraints from observations of a stellar occultation
A. A. S. Gulbis(1), J. L. Elliot(1,2,3), M. J. Person(1), E. R. Adams(1), B. A. Babcock(4,6), M. Emilio(7), J. W. Gangestad(5,6), S. D. Kern(1), E. A. Kramer(1), D. J. Osip(8), J. M. Pasachoff(5), S. P. Souza(5) and T. Tuvikene(6,9)

The physical characteristics of Pluto and its moon, Charon, provide insight into the evolution of the outer Solar System. Although previous measurements have constrained the masses of these bodies(1, 2), their radii and densities have remained uncertain. The observation of a stellar occultation by Charon in 1980 established a lower limit on its radius of 600 km (ref. 3) (later refined to 601.5 km; ref. 4) and suggested a possible atmosphere(4). Subsequent, mutual event modelling yielded a range of 600–650 km (ref. 5), corresponding to a density of 1.56  0.22 g cm^-3 (refs 2, 5). Here we report multiple-station observations of a stellar occultation by Charon. From these data, we find a mean radius of 606  8 km, a bulk density of 1.72  0.15 g cm-3, and rock-mass fraction 0.63  0.05. We do not detect a significant atmosphere and place 3  upper limits on atmospheric number densities for candidate gases. These results seem to be consistent with collisional formation for the Pluto–Charon system in which the precursor objects may have been differentiated(6), and they leave open the possibility of atmospheric retention by the largest objects in the outer Solar System.

1.        Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences,
2.        Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
3.        Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA
4.        Physics Department,
5.        Astronomy Department, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267-2565, USA
6.        Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
7.        Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
8.        Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Observatories, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
9.        Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Correspondence to: A. A. S. Gulbis1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.A.S.G. (Email: gulbis@mit.edu).
通过行星掩恒星观察的 Charon's 半径和它约束的大气
A. A. S. Gulbis (1 ),  J. L. Elliot (1,2,3 ),  M. J. Person(1 ),  E. R. Adams(1 ),  B. A. Babcock (4,6 ),  M. Emilio (7 ),  J. W. Gangestad (5,6 ),  S. D. Kern (1 ), E. A. Kramer (1 ),D. J. Osip ( 8 ),J. M. Pasachoff ( 5 ),S. P. Souza ( 5 )和 T. Tuvikene ( 6,9 )

冥王星和它的月亮 Charon的实际特性,对洞察太阳系外部的演化提供依据。 虽然早先的测量有确定这些物体的质量( 1, 2 ), 他们的半径和密度还是不确定的。 1980的Charon 星掩观察在  确立了它的 半径上的一个比较低的界限600 km (参考 3) ( 稍后精确到 601.5 km; 参考 4) 而且暗示了可能的大气( 4 )。 后来, 相互的事件 模型 产生了 600 – 650 km 的范围 (参考 5),相应得到 1.56 +-0.22 g cm^-3 的密度。 (参考 2,5) 这里我们报告 Charon 的一个多- 站观察的掩星结果。 从这些数据,我们找 606 +-8 km 这个最小的半径, 1.72 +-0.15 g cm-3 左右的密度和岩石- 质量比例 0.63 +-0.05 。 我们不能侦测到一个有意义的大气,也就是候选气体在大气密度的数字上不能达到 3σ个上限。 这些结果与碰撞形成的冥王星– Charon 系统一致,像是用  并且哪一物体是最初的可能被区别出来( 6 ), 和他们未解决在太阳系的边缘最大的物体保持大气的可能性。

yang012 发表于 2006-1-5 15:08

Charon’s size and an upper limit on its atmosphere

Charon's size and an upper limit on its atmosphere from a stellar occultation
B. Sicardy(1,2), A. Bellucci(1), E. Gendron(1), F. Lacombe(1), S. Lacour(1), J. Lecacheux(1), E. Lellouch(1), S. Renner(1), S. Pau(1), F. Roques(1), T. Widemann(1), F. Colas(3), F. Vachier(3), R. Vieira Martins(3,15), N. Ageorges(4), O. Hainaut(4), O. Marco(4), W. Beisker(5), E. Hummel(5), C. Feinstein(6), H. Levato(7), A. Maury(8), E. Frappa(9), B. Gaillard(10), M. Lavayssière(10), M. Di Sora(11), F. Mallia(11), G. Masi(11,12), R. Behrend(13), F. Carrier(13), O. Mousis(14), P. Rousselot(14), A. Alvarez-Candal(15), D. Lazzaro(15), C. Veiga(15), A. H. Andrei(15,16), M. Assafin(16), D. N. da Silva Neto(16), C. Jacques(17), E. Pimentel(17), D. Weaver(18), J.-F. Lecampion19, F. Doncel(20), T. Momiyama(20) and G. Tancredi(21)


Pluto and its satellite, Charon (discovered in 1978; ref. 1), appear to form a double planet, rather than a hierarchical planet/satellite couple. Charon is about half Pluto's size and about one-eighth its mass. The precise radii of Pluto and Charon have remained uncertain, leading to large uncertainties on their densities(2). Although stellar occultations by Charon are in principle a powerful way of measuring its size, they are rare, as the satellite subtends less than 0.3 microradians (0.06 arcsec) on the sky. One occultation (in 1980) yielded a lower limit of 600 km for the satellite's radius(3), which was later refined to 601.5 km (ref. 4). Here we report observations from a multi-station stellar occultation by Charon, which we use to derive a radius, RC = 603.6  1.4 km (1 ), and a density of  = 1.71  0.08 g cm-3. This occultation also provides upper limits of 110 and 15 (3 ) nanobar for an atmosphere around Charon, assuming respectively a pure nitrogen or pure methane atmosphere.

1.        Observatoire de Paris, LESIA, 92195 Meudon cedex, France
2.        Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 5, France
3.        Observatoire de Paris, IMCCE, 75014 Paris, France
4.        European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
5.        International Occultation Timing Association, European Section, 30459 Hannover, Germany
6.        Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Observatorio Astronómico & Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata, CONICET, Paseo del Bosque 1900 La Plata, Argentina
7.        Complejo Astronómico, El Leoncito, CP J5402DSP, San Juan, Argentina
8.        Gene Shoemaker Observatory, Casilla 21, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
9.        Planétarium de Saint-Etienne, 42100 Saint-Etienne. France
10.        Association des Utilisateurs de Détecteurs Electroniques (AUDE), France, c/o F. Colas, 45, Av. Reille, 75014 Paris, France
11.        Campo Catino Austral Observatory, Casilla 21, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
12.        Università di Tor Vergata di Roma, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n.1, 00133, Rome, Italy
13.        Observatoire de Genève, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland
14.        Observatoire de Besançon, BP1615, 25010 Besançon cedex, France
15.        Observatório Nacional, 20921-400, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
16.        Observatório do Valongo/UFRJ, CEP 20080-090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
17.        Observatório CEAMIG-REA, CEP 31545-120, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
18.        Observatório Astronômico Christus, Universidade de Fortaleza, rua João Carvalho, 630, CEP 60140-140 Fortaleza, Brazil
19.        Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l'Univers, 33270 Floirac, France
20.        Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad Nacional de Asunción 2169, Paraguay
21.        Observatorio Astronómico Los Molinos, Facultad de Ciencias, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
Correspondence to: B. Sicardy1,2 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.S. (Email: bruno.sicardy@obspm.fr).
从掩星的大气上得到的 Charon的尺寸和上限
B. Sicardy (1,2 ),  A. Bellucci (1 ),  E. Gendron (1 ),  F. Lacombe (1 ),  S. Lacour (1 ),  J. Lecacheux (1 ),  E. Lellouch (1 ),  S. Renner (1 ), S. Pau (1 ),F. Roques( 1 ),T. Widemann ( 1 ),F. Colas ( 3 ),F. Vachier ( 3 ),R. Vieira Martins( 3,15 ),N. Ageorges ( 4 ),O. Hainaut ( 4 ),O. Marco ( 4 ),W. Beisker ( 5 ),E. Hummel( 5 ),C. Feinstein ( 6 ),H. Levato ( 7 ),A. Maury ( 8 ),E. Frappa ( 9 ),B. Gaillard ( 10 ),M. Lavayssière( 10 ),M. Di Sora ( 11 ),F. Mallia ( 11 ),G. Masi ( 11,12 ),R. Behrend ( 13 ),F. Carrier( 13 ),O. Mousis ( 14 ),P. Rousselot ( 14 ),A. Alvarez-Candal ( 15 ), D. Lazzaro ( 15 ), C. Veiga ( 15 ), A. H. Andrei ( 15,16 ), M. Assafin ( 16 ), D. N. da Silva Neto ( 16 ), C. Jacques ( 17 ), E. Pimentel ( 17 ), D. Weaver( 18 ),J.- F. Lecampion(19), F. Doncel ( 20 ), T. Momiyama ( 20 )和 G. Tancredi ( 21)

冥王星和它的卫星, Charon( 在 1978发现;参考 1),似乎 形成双行星, 并非分等级的行星/ 卫星对。 Charon 大约是冥王星的大小的一半,以及大约八分之一的冥王星质量。 冥王星和 Charon 的精确半径还不确定,导致他们的密度( 2 )也不确定。 虽然 通过Charon 的掩星原则上是测量它大小的一个有力的方式,但是这种现象是罕有的,要求在空间上卫星对向小于  0.3 微弧(0.06 角秒)。一次掩星 (在 1980) 为卫星的半径( 3 )确定了一个 600 km 的下限, 稍候精确到 601.5 km(参考 4)。 我们这里报告通过多站观察Charon的掩星结果, 我们得到一个半径, RC=603.6 +-1.4 km(1), 和密度 ρ=1.71 +-0.08 g cm-3. 这个掩星还提供了环绕 Charon 大气的压力上限,我们分别地假定纯氮或纯甲烷的大气得到110 和 15(3σ) 十亿分之一帕斯卡的结果。

yang012 发表于 2006-1-6 10:37

科学家完成冥卫一数据估算 断定该卫星没有大气

  新华网伦敦1月5日电(记者曹丽君)一个国际研究小组近期完成了对太阳系最边缘卫星冥卫一的数据估算,断定该卫星是由冰和岩石组成的,没有大气。该研究报告发表在5日出版的最新一期《自然》杂志上。

  冥卫一是1978年被发现的,它位于太阳系最边缘的位置,是冥王星的主要卫星。冥卫一在距离冥王星不到2万公里的轨道上运行,两者距离很近,有些科学家甚至认为它们组成了双星系,而不是行星和卫星。

  去年7月,冥卫一经历了一次掩星过程,冥卫一穿过一颗恒星的大气层,恒星光线变暗而且被反射。该研究小组利用此次绝好的机会,通过架设在智利的欧洲南方天文台望远镜对冥卫一进行了观测。研究人员根据观测数据断定,冥卫一的密度为水的1.71倍,是一个冰岩星体,其中岩石约占其体积的一半。这一结果表明,冥卫一与冥王星的密度相近,支持了前者可能是后者与大型天体相撞崩裂出去形成的推测,也解释了两者之间的短距离。科学家还较为精确地计算出冥卫一的其他数据,该卫星直径在1206到1212公里之间,大约是冥王星的一半。

  美国宇航局探索冥王星的计划将于本月中旬启动,耗资7亿美元的“新地平线”探测器将利用9年的时间,完成从地球到冥王星的行程。

yang012 发表于 2006-1-11 11:27

Re: 科学家完成冥卫一数据估算 断定该卫星没有大气

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