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ڲи׷ѧġϽġʵǵģͬʱ
ѧǴġѧ̬֮һʣѧ
֮һС

ȷѧرȻѧȽ
ǲϽ浹˵ʱ򣬿ѧȴ
ţʹǻѵĽȻѧа
ء

ϣѧΪġһƶ

ѧرȻѧĽʵҪأ
ִһġѧʹ˻͹֪ʶ
ͼܣҪʹ˻ÿѧ˼롢ѧ񡢿ѧ̬Լѧ
Ѭպʹ˻÷ﱾܵǻۣ÷
ꡣ˵ûпѧġֻǽ
ûܹѧˣֻܳΪܹѵܹ

ϣѧΪʹ˽Ϊִ˵ġһƶ

ʿʶǿй벻ѧ
Ϊ֪˼׿ķܶйĿѧǴ
ഫΪйĽڿѧ˶ͼɹ
ǿΡȻӦ˵ĿԶδﵽյйҪµĿѧ
ɣҪִѧֻȫ˾߱ϸߵĿѧʣԿ
ѧľ˼롢ѧ̬ȺͷΪֺ̽ͽĹͬ
ͳ㣬ܸõǰչͽˣйĽ벻
ѧӹɵġ

ϣƺ˵ѧѱйز
ٵƶ

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ѧ͸ĸͲ棬ѧļֵ͵λҲˡ
ǣӹԣһķΧڣĳЩضʱֻǳϡ
ѧõġֻͣڶԿѧĺĽܺͳϣǶ
ѧԭѧľĽܺͳϡĴҲǲܺ
ӵġ

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ѧԭǲڷѧģڷѧģ
ѧԭҲڷκѧġѧǳԽڽ̲
ģԽģԽɲģԽĻĵģѧ
ʵġģס

ѧԭǲڷѧģڷѧģ
ѧԭҲڷκѧġѧǳԽڽ̲
ģԽģԽɲģԽĻĵģѧ
ʵġģס

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ǡ߽

ʮָˣڴΪ˵áᡢ޽ܡƶµⱾдƪ
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ʱмͷԴոһֱѧ
ҡѧҺҡȻڱĩڵĽգ⣬
ǰͬһѧ˵͵ĿѧʷԷΪ
Ρ˼뷽ۺѧͻơ
һЩ֮ķ֣ӵĲȶԡ
ݻۣԼ绯ѧӡԻȵķƽṹ
ҲڣЩµķչǱѧ˼


һעĿصǣһжǿʱݵĽ
ɫȻʮͣǶѾʱѧѧѧ
еҪԡǵʱһΪǿþ
ԵġʱĹʱͷֻ൱Ψε
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֪ʱ֮ڷƽṹγ֮УҪ
ĽɫоǣЩṹݻڼð
ѧдĳģ⣻˺Ȼأ̲֯ĳЩ
ΨۼĽĳදϵͳ֮еԡ

ص壬ڸˡѧڶɣ
ӵģʱһͷػǸ߶Ȳȶϵͳ
еһʡϵͳڴº͵ڰۡҪ
оĶܶ࣬˲Ϊ棬Ҳһͬ
Ȿÿһ仰Ƕᳫһͬģ
ʱ֮ĳЩҪĶϵͳһȷʡ

ЩǷǳҪģһӭдɡⱾѧ
ˮƽܸߣͬʱܱ϶Ķ߽ܡ˵á᱾˶Դ
ҪĹף׫д飬ʤΡ޽ܡƶµı
ʹ龫ɿɶ

1989 
10մʥ˵óǾеĹ˹˹˹
ѧԺŵ飬רһսԵĿѧսᡣ
֯дԽԽĸо..ѧѲܱһ
ͳһġձĿ͹Ŭǽдѧֻ㡮ʷ
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Ǿ޷̸ѧĳЩʵѧǷӳѡ
仰ѡʷġɺʱԵ֪ʶѧȷ
·ʱ䣬ĳϱ־ŶԿѧĴͳս᣻
ѵ˵ѧ

Ǿ޷̸ѧĳЩʵѧǷӳѡ
仰ѡʷġɺʱԵ֪ʶѧȷ
·ʱ䣬ĳϱ־ŶԿѧĴͳս᣻
ѵ˵ѧ

ɡ¼˼ʷһֱڽе۵ģ
۴ոǰ룬ѧһֱе
ʱɵչǿԣǾԵԤԣ
ʱ䱾ķ񶨡¼ȴζĳ̶ֳȵԡʡԼ
ݻǱǾסһԵ棬
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ˣ١ڡκˣǼǶ㣬Ƕ
عϵõˡʱҪ֪𰸵Ҳ
ˣǼ֪ο˷ѧڶɡǹ
..԰Ī˵֮֡ĵǡءġ
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˼άܵһõĽܡ˼άܽһ
Ȱְ¼ѧʹǶи
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ڣ1906 
9 
5

·ά񡤲Ludwig BoltzmannʱǵǺߵ
һׯȼ١ڵάҲɵоɢɢ
ģһʱڵĲǲơǲ
Ǻܲ

˵һ裬ǾǣʱһȥͷԴ˼裬
ֻһѧ֤ݡԴʮʱ˽
Ϊ˽֤ݶභΰ׷ûгɹ
ءءĹǺ仯һʱģ
ǳɣûеõȷĽʱ䷽֮ʼǿѧȱݡ
Բ˵ʱѾ˾ͷˡ

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˺ȣʮ꣬˫Ŀ
ȫʧҵͷʹʹԲһȰ
ıԵʹĽڸһԺסһʱڡһ
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ȥϴµϴһЩʱٻάҲɡ

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ˡǸʱɷת¡һ
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ܵˡɥǵ顣һѧ
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Lavoisier϶ͷ̨ҮR.J.MayerԺƤ
ҮPierre Curieڻһɱǣ
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˼ǣ浽ԭǷڡЩۼҰѲ
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ĶķPierre Duhem׵£Auguste ComteӼHenri 
Poincar¹İ˹߶£WilhelmOstwaldɶķGoergHelmԼӢ William Rankineʷ
ޣJohnStalloˡĵͬգErnstMach
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һͬ±ף˵۵ˣʵһҲûС

һͬ±ף˵۵ˣʵһҲûС

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УһڱҽˡݹѧԺĹŵ˹
̹David Goodsteinġʵ״̬һĿͷдһ
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׷˹أPaulEhrenfestҲƵķʽ
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治ֵǣѧ۲֧һʱĿ
ЩУʱķ޹ؽҪʱ䵹ߣִѧ
áţѧ˹̹ۡɭѦ̵
ѧҲͬվסšЩ˵¼ӰƬϵ¼
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ĻþоĿѧǣżֳЦĿ
ճʱŵĸоΪʱ䡱ߡʱ䡱

᲻һطʱķϤķ
෴ǴӷĹƴʧȻؽĸ̥
ǸصˮƿУˮ
ۣʯͷĿԷذѸֳɷַֽƱƤ
ĤԶܷͣ򣻹ӹ۲ߵ۾Ȼ
աܵ»ֹЩ뷨ϵʱҲῪ
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͸ʱܳһߵĴʵȫìˡ
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ռûУʱСʱһ֧ʱ֮ζ
ĴʣӢѧҰ٣ Arthur Eddington.. 1927
ġ

ռûУʱСʱһ֧ʱ֮ζ
ĴʣӢѧҰ٣ Arthur Eddington.. 1927
ġ

ѧеʱ

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ʱѧҲ˼оһ⡣ѧһޣGeraldWhitrowʱȻѧ棬ǿ׵ºʿ
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ҪѧʱʹʧѧΣʮҶ
˹Christiaan Huygensɹһӣ󡰼ʱľ
Ȳߣ˾ȻǻеԵģǿԤԵġʱӼ
ķչʱ¼н⿪ʹǸŶĿѧ硣ʮ
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޴ӽ¬ѷϯʱ跨֤ϯţټΡ
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˵ʦ˵ˣܻǲףôܴӿ
ó桢Ļݻʽ

ֱӹ۲⵽ġŵ߽Ilya Prigogine
˵ʦ˵ˣܻǲףôܴӿ
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أЩսд·硣

˶ʮͳڣԭѾι̵ؽʱ
ѧΪڶһѾȫ˽ˡҲֻкٵļ
С⣬Ҫ͵ġ磬ĳЩ׼ȷʽ
ĳЩԭߡѧԣֻҪٹ
꣬ЩͿԽˡǽһӡ˶.. 1903
ʮ˵бȽҪĻɺѧʵ
Ѿ֣Ѿȹ̵سΪµķֶҪ
ǽвֿԣ΢С²дλԺ
һֱѧǵЦϡȻȻһһεÿѧ
ġ1928꣬պ󽫻ŵĲMax Born
˵˽ѧڴ󹦸ɡķ֣
ܿ뷨ͽ䡣Ǽʹ.. 1988꣬ĳ
顶ʱʷл˵šԽֹ۵˵ǶȻ
ɵ̽ҲӽβʱԤ԰ɡ

Σԭ۵ţѧĳЩɥӡ
ս֤ݱţѧ١ͼС


ѾʧЧҪڶʮ͵ͷʮ
Уţٵ硣ѧʹǶԡ΢
ʶĿһ¡˹̹ۣѾʱĹһɨ⡣
˹ʿSir JohnSquireģյʫдģ
ˣħںУð˹̹ɣʹֹ

ѾʧЧҪڶʮ͵ͷʮ
Уţٵ硣ѧʹǶԡ΢
ʶĿһ¡˹̹ۣѾʱĹһɨ⡣
˹ʿSir JohnSquireģյʫдģ
ˣħںУð˹̹ɣʹֹ

Ϊճһصʱ䣬ıʣţ
ѧһֱǺ첻ġʱţΪѧʽ˶ĸ
ģ˶Ϊλʱı仯ʱһ
ûж壺˶ʱ͵ģʱ˶͡
԰һڿռһǲܿʱеλ
á

һţУ˶ӣǵλúٶ
ΣʱŵĿһġһ˶ʱġ
Ȼʱ۱˹̹ˣǽһ
̸

ţٵʱһǵľǣʱԶǰߵġ
ʱŲʹܹ۲쵽˶ʱͷһֱûн
͡ţٵ˶ܾ̾кܴǲĽȴ
ֱ෴ģʱĶԳʹЩ̶ʱķĮġ
ع飬Щȷʷ޵ظǵľԣټ
һϵͳ㹻ϢͿԶԸϵͳн͹ȥ
ţٵȻѹʫġôȣKeats
ġǡһʫ1819д

ѧϰ˫ᣬ

ù׼ߴеܣ

ϳգѵؾϳض

ϵĲʺɢԶٱ֯

ţѧձõģǾͲò˵пܷĹ
̣ɲֵԭӺͷӵ˶ʾΪţѧ
Եģһϵͳ͹ȥΪͿԴӸϵͳκһʱ
ϢõԡǵĴԼȻҲԭӺͷӹɵģ־
ͲܴڡѧҲɭHenri Bergsonһ
ΪͼеǣΪáѧУ
еﶼһԸģ仯ֻǽȻķ񶨣ʱҲֻһ
ѡͬҲʹһѧѧҿ


AlexandreKoyrΪţѧ˶ǡһʱ
ص˶һڡʱʱнеĹ̡ʱ
͡ûб仯ı仯ͬѽ⡣

AlexandreKoyrΪţѧ˶ǡһʱ
ص˶һڡʱʱнеĹ̡ʱ
͡ûб仯ı仯ͬѽ⡣


ʱʹ˹̹ܴ

ʱʹ˹̹ܴ

׵գWolfgangRindler
۾塷

ء˹̹.. 26ʱ򣬾Ͱ300ʷľʱ
ݻˡƷţѧʵ˸Ե
ۣʱͿռȫµ塣ǡۡ
ȫӱĽСʱ͡һ˵ʱһ
˱ʱ侭ռ䡰нԼıɱ
Ѱľ󣬼ʱ߻صʱ̴ӶıɱԼ
˹̹˼йʱĳʶǣǽҪģ
ʱһ汻ܿˡûпʱͷ

Ϊһ鶼ڰ˹̹ķһҹ
֮ıģǾʹˡݻپʱӣʮ;ͱ
ҮĬOle Roemerˡȷʵհٵ˵
ʱ䣬ǱҮĬֵġ.. 1675ڰ̨о
ľǵĲ˶ʱ״ָźžٶȡһЩѧ
ԺԺʿ˵ڹ߲˲ʱض𽥵شֿ
ľһһεʳʱ̣ȸ۲
Ҫʮӡ

һǿʼȥ룬ߴݴ۾Ҫʱ䣬
˲ʱشͻˣעյʱǿ
ĺԶĺǻϵǺܾǰӡֱ.. 1728꣬ҮĬ
űӢѧҲףJamesBradley֤ʵԺ󣬹
޴ٶȵĸű㷺ܣִĹֵԼ
300,000,000ÿףȻҮĬĹ־ţӵľʱ
ĸʼսᡣʱ룬ǿн䷢
¼͵ϵʱͬ˹̹ʹǵڰЩ
ϢʱٶȣʱҲܹڲͬ
״̬Ĺ۲ߣǲʱ䲻ٱ˴ͬһĹ
ߣһʾʱٶȡҪĻ
ôʱ仹Ҫڿռеλйء

ڶ԰˹̹Ĵͳӡǣһ׷ԲԣΪ˺ƵĹŹ
ͷʵϣڵһսǰļ𺳿ѧʱ
һɾˣɫź롣һǼд
˹̹Զ׼رŮʿǽʡָо


໥ġճˣһͷŨܵġںڷĲʽ
һ˫۾ͲڵķȣԵؾԻ
Ҳһشʹˡ˹̹ǣһʵ
ΪƫӰ죬͹
ϵġ־ǣʹѧȫѹ۲ߵ
Ӱ죬ΪΪеĹ۲ߣλú˶״̬Σ
ͬȵؿκθĹ۲߻򡰲οϵĵλ
ѧɱЩ޹ء˹̹Զĵһ׶
ۣһµԭ֮ϣٶȶеĹ۲߶
ͬģԼٶΣչĽ
ͣҲǹۡ

໥ġճˣһͷŨܵġںڷĲʽ
һ˫۾ͲڵķȣԵؾԻ
Ҳһشʹˡ˹̹ǣһʵ
ΪƫӰ죬͹
ϵġ־ǣʹѧȫѹ۲ߵ
Ӱ죬ΪΪеĹ۲ߣλú˶״̬Σ
ͬȵؿκθĹ۲߻򡰲οϵĵλ
ѧɱЩ޹ء˹̹Զĵһ׶
ۣһµԭ֮ϣٶȶеĹ۲߶
ͬģԼٶΣչĽ
ͣҲǹۡ

֮ǰ̫ĹѾò뿪ʷ̨ˡ
̫ճġǿеĲˮеĲ
ʮ͵ѧȻ뵽ͬĳֶе
ǾͰֶ֮Ϊ̫˹Abraham Pais˵
̫ǡһȤļʣΪ˽͹ⲨĴ
̫ҲΪԿռṩһȡԱΪһ
εͼϵľγһΪĲ
ϵ

ǰ̸˹ΤۣĳɹһЩȥ
ʵ飬Ŀǲд̫ٶȡҲǡ̫Ươ
ٶȡʵϣеһʵ顪1887ڿ˹
ӦѧѧԺġ̫ޡѰ̫ʵ
һѧ˶ͬĪףһλѧ
ڣһɵġϣǵʵظ˶ǰһʵ飬
Ǹʵѽģ塣һԴ
ⱻԴȵ澵ӷһ
ĵ̫˶ķһķ䴹ֱ

˶Īڴ֣໥ֱķϹߴ
Ȼвܾͬڵ̫де˶µġ
磬ڵ˶ϴĹ⣬̫С
ٶȾͻϵĹ˶Ϳ֪
ֱ̫緽Ĺ̫緽Ĺ类
ⱻصԴʱԼʵȽϡ
˶ĪûзһʱΪ˷ֹ̫תʱ


̫ķıӰʵһĲͬʱظͬ
ʵ顣ǲŬûй۲쵽ʱ˵
û̫

̫ķıӰʵһĲͬʱظͬ
ʵ顣ǲŬûй۲쵽ʱ˵
û̫

ǣȻһֿǴ߼϶̫ҪΪѧ
ԭŹ۲߶죬ҿȥȷĳ
Բοϵйأʱвͬķͷΰ˶ת
綯ΰѵת˶Ϊ̫ĹѾվס
ˣ˹̹ҪһµۣеȻһͳһ
дѧ˶Īʵķ񶨽Ϊ
ԭȻ

ƣ˶Īʵ飬һЩʵһ
Ƕ̫µĵʡ˵ǹڼˡѧ
ңŬʹ˶Īʵ̫ļ˵ϡ⵱У
ҪǺȺͰķޣGeorgeFrancisFitzgeraldͼһᵽȱ任
崩̫˶ʱ˶Ī׵ʵ
̫ļ˵ͿȻҪһδ͵˶
Ϊۡǽῴֳ밮˹̹ʾ
еЧӦԺϰЧӦ

ʵѾӽ۵Ĺʽܰţ
ľʱ䡰䡱ҽ̫۲šѧ
ҼѧӼţѧɵ⿴úʵ
̫ʲôķеģ໥໥
⣿簮˹̹ĸ취˵
ҲǱ뽨һµѧֻܹп..
ѧУһԽļޡ1904Ӽڱ
һԭǰհ˹̹Լ˵Ӽ
ûи㶮۵塣

˹̹˺ܾԺ֪ѧҵŬ


Ƕصó۵ġʱϤЩѧ־Ϸ
ġʱµоĵݡȷʵһ㲻֪.. 1895Ժ
رǣǽῴû˵ȱ任
任ȴԼоˡ
˹̹ǷΪ˶Īʵ˾
Ӱ죬Ȼ.. 1916ѧ˹Ĭ Max Wertheimer
ֲɷʱȷ˵ܵӰ졣Ȼ.. 1954һ
У˵ԼоУ˶ĽҲ
ûжӰ졣ڶǲдĿĵһƪ
ĵʱ[1905]Ƿ֪һҸ˵ķܶУ˶
ʵûãûԵá

Ƕصó۵ġʱϤЩѧ־Ϸ
ġʱµоĵݡȷʵһ㲻֪.. 1895Ժ
رǣǽῴû˵ȱ任
任ȴԼоˡ
˹̹ǷΪ˶Īʵ˾
Ӱ죬Ȼ.. 1916ѧ˹Ĭ Max Wertheimer
ֲɷʱȷ˵ܵӰ졣Ȼ.. 1954һ
У˵ԼоУ˶ĽҲ
ûжӰ졣ڶǲдĿĵһƪ
ĵʱ[1905]Ƿ֪һҸ˵ķܶУ˶
ʵûãûԵá

ھͽ˹̹ˡ.. 1879.. 3.. 14.. 11
.. 30ֳʱĸױ൱Ծ⺢ӵĺԺܴ
⺢ǸͶúַǳ
Χ˵Զ˵.. 8Ľѧʱ
ϣԱ˵дϢ 1894Ұᵽ
˹̹ϲѧУܼ尾Ϊ
ѧУϸƶȣԼ¹.. 16ϵꡣѧ
Уϲ죬äĿţĿһСϣԱ
Ӧѧȷʵĸ˲꣬Ҳŷ˰
˹ɽ˹̹дҵİʦҽȥҪѧ
Ժܱ֤ҽѧƾ˵Ҵûκδ
°ȴ˵ֻҪһ¶棬ϾͶҲˡ϶˵
ԼϣѧŸĸȥ˵Ҫԭ򣬻
ģеʽĽѧһ뿪ѧУ˹̹˵
һֻСڻصĸǰץס
˳;С

1895갮˹̹ȥһʿѧУ
ڽ.. ETHϣԺΪһʦûͨѧԡ
ڰ͵һʿѧУϰһʱſϡ.. ETHѧϰ
ڼ䣬һ̹ġʦɿɷ˹Hermann Minkowski
һΰΪһֻѧһ㶼Խɣ
˹̹ǿѺͬѧ˹Marcel Grossmannıʼǣ
ŲûȥĿΡɿɷ˹ڰ˹̹ѧ˵ķչ
У˹ؼԵá1900갮˹̹ҵʿͥʦ


ҼνԱ.. 1902꣬ڸ˹׵Ƽڲ
ʿרҵһݲ¡˹̹Ƕȼʦȴֻ
ȼʦְλ⿴дΪְλϣ
ţͬĿѧۡר˱
Michelangelo Bessoһλʦ˰˹̹
ֿѡڰ˹̹ĵһƪ۵УΨһ˹̹
лˡ

ҼνԱ.. 1902꣬ڸ˹׵Ƽڲ
ʿרҵһݲ¡˹̹Ƕȼʦȴֻ
ȼʦְλ⿴дΪְλϣ
ţͬĿѧۡר˱
Michelangelo Bessoһλʦ˰˹̹
ֿѡڰ˹̹ĵһƪ۵УΨһ˹̹
лˡ

Ӱҹ˹Philippe HalsmanһΰѰ˹̹
ϲӵϰһƷϵʵ
Ĺ񱣬˹̹麣ײ廰˵ڴӡʹ
˹ͳȥ׹Ҳӡ˹̹˵ҷִ
ֺܰӶһҲˡҲԴ
˹̹.. 1901۵ļ¼пһüĿڡȱݡ
Ŀ֮£дšƽͺšǹ˹һĿ
һϸڿǰ˹̹Զ˼

ʱ䱻

ʵǰѧѡ񡪡
ŤᣬӲȥպʵ˵Ƚף
ЧǴԼۣȽѣѣ
˹̹¸ҵѡ˺ߣճӡȫ׵һߡ
󵽳ת䣬ִѧһֱţȡ˸߶ȵĳɹ
ȫӦ˰˹̹˵һĻȻ˷룬û
⡣Ȼˮдڿдʵ
˹̹Ƕ϶ŲһֻʵڣҪ̫
ԴڡѴ˹Τۿʼѧۣϵͳĳ
ѧʾЩصģȤȻǸʵ
ڣ˸еһ͵ǵʱеԭͼ񡪡Ѹ
ģͣһ״ɵġ棬׺Ŵġ
Ȥôֺ˾Ľ


簮˹̹ΪЩط޷
ܣǵʹͬʱʱáһ£ʱǶԵ綯
ͷĽǣвͬĹԭ˹̹ȷţ綯
ѵתΪ˶˶תΪݵ
ȫͬġϰΪ˶ų˶ͬĽ˹
̹Ϊֿǲ߼ġζӦ̽⵽˶
ûȥһ֡áǿʹЩ˳еɣ
õ綯ͷе˶Ѷǵͳһ

簮˹̹ΪЩط޷
ܣǵʹͬʱʱáһ£ʱǶԵ綯
ͷĽǣвͬĹԭ˹̹ȷţ綯
ѵתΪ˶˶תΪݵ
ȫͬġϰΪ˶ų˶ͬĽ˹
̹Ϊֿǲ߼ġζӦ̽⵽˶
ûȥһ֡áǿʹЩ˳еɣ
õ綯ͷе˶Ѷǵͳһ

1.ԭиɶͬģ
۲ߵ˶ٶΡ
2һԴ˶޹ء
˹̹ĵڶԭٵĲԣƺЩš
൱ڣһŲǹӵٶʱӵһû
Ĳģһܷеĳٷɻ㷢ģ
ǵٶһʵӵٶȲˡôΪʲôƫƫ
پӦǲأ˹̹֤۲֮
˶Ƕ죬ǸԵĲοϵв⵽Ĺٶͬġ
˹̹˳ʶݺݵһ˹̹ƵĹٲԣԼ
ԭеʵģѵʱе˵һµߵˡ
˼ͳţ٣ţֻ漰ѧ󣬶
漰ѧȷһ¸ҵĿԽ

̺ţ˶еţѧҲͬԵģ
ûһĲοϵοϵ֮ȽϿԵõһЩԵ
һпģֻ壬
֮ľڲӣǲжһһ
߶ڶ˶˼ݵ٤ԣо˵
ֹԼԲٶȺʱϵ桢ӬСɳ
дϸ۲Щʱ..ôκϲ
ٶǰֻҪ˶ƽȵģûκΰڶ㽫ᷢЩ
˶һ仯Ҳκһ˶з֣
ںлǾֹţ٣ˣϲ
һ־Ծֹ״̬ͬʱһ裬Ҳǹ
ʱļ裬жһġţѧʱ
ͬĿŵģܹ۲ߵٶȻλ


ΪԺ㶨ٶ˶Ĺ۲ߣţѧɶ
ͶˡԲοϵͬοϵʱͿռ꣬
ͨ٤Ա任ϵ٤Ա任԰Ѷ˶ġ
һοϵ任һ˵٤Դϵһֻ棬任
վڰϵһˮ֡Ҫǣ任
ΪĵѧɡǴ֮԰˹̹ĵڶ裬ʹ
Լѧɲܹ۲ߵٶΣֲ䣬ı任
֮Ϊȱ任֤˹Τ̣۹
ߵΣ仯

ΪԺ㶨ٶ˶Ĺ۲ߣţѧɶ
ͶˡԲοϵͬοϵʱͿռ꣬
ͨ٤Ա任ϵ٤Ա任԰Ѷ˶ġ
һοϵ任һ˵٤Դϵһֻ棬任
վڰϵһˮ֡Ҫǣ任
ΪĵѧɡǴ֮԰˹̹ĵڶ裬ʹ
Լѧɲܹ۲ߵٶΣֲ䣬ı任
֮Ϊȱ任֤˹Τ̣۹
ߵΣ仯

ʱıһԶĽҪڼ
ڶ衪ٵĲԣΪǹٵĲԵ
˶Īʵ⣬ԹٲԴٶȶһ
ʵǣ1913ѧҵأWillem de Sitter˫
ǵĹתʱĹķȻֱӵĹ۲֤ʵ
ֱ.. 1963ŸⲢ˵ֱǰȻڻ
۵ȷԣʵ۲Ԥԣ۵ɾͣ
Ѿ㹻ѹţ۵ơۺʵ֮䳣ͻ
Ȼǿѧбѧ֮

ӽ˶ʱ

ܰ˹̹ʱۣţѧ˵Ĵ󲿷֣.. 300
ĿȻ׿гЧԣһλԱ.. 1968ڵһºз
;У˵룬Ҫˡţڼʻɴˡ
仰ͻ갢޼ƻţٶռɴ
Ĺġֻе˶ٶȽӽʱţٶɲŻʧЧ
ָ˶ǵճ鳣Ȼͬ漰
õĳϣҲΪʲô˹Τţٵۿз
Ťȷ˶ٶԶСڹٵļ£һ
ڹ·ʻʱ֤۵ȱ任͵ȼ
ھ٤Ա任仰˵Щ£۾ͻ


ԭţ򾭵ˣһҪġ
ֻе˶ٶڹʱ
Ҫ塣

ԭţ򾭵ˣһҪġ
ֻе˶ٶڹʱ
Ҫ塣

վ̨ϵܹĻǻ֣ᷢۿ쳵
ڸҲıˡͬʱϵÿҲᷢվ̨
仯ˡΪԤԣ˶ӡһġ
СָֹĲοϵõһ
˶Ĺ۲߿ٶӣ
ӵġӡͳȫͬȫӼ
΢ӣԵѱʵ۲
ҷʵڶ밮˹̹Ԥȫ
ٶڹʱ޴Ҫһ޴
ٵ١һǾͿףΪʲôʹ
һﵽ٣ҪȻ͸̸ˡֻо
ֹӣԹ˶Ӿһе
ǸųϵһġֻԹ˶

ͬʱԺʱ

ӡʶĹ۵㣬صʱ
ͬʱĸ¼ͬһʱ̷ڹ۲ߵ
ȣţΪһ־Եĸǰ˵ģ
ʹڹ޵ţҲܿáڡ
ӣΪ߲˲ʱ䵽ǵ۾УԹٴġ
㿴ʱ㿴һ㡰ʱ˵ʱ䣬Ϊߴ
̵۾еĤԼźű崫͵ԣ
Ҫһʱ䡣ţѧֻҪʱʵĸȻܹ
½ʱ䣬Լ¼¼ķеĹ۲߶


ʱ䡣ǰ˹̹ȴ

ʱ䡣ǰ˹̹ȴ

ͬ˾ģνʱ˶
ҪȾֹߵٶÿͺվ̨ϵĹ۲õһ
ģһӡͣվ̨ϵʱ򣬳Ϻͳ¶ӶԺãʹ
ҵÿͬʱδһ¡ͽʱ䡱ʾ
Թ۲߾ֹӼ¼ʱ䣬һЧ˵
ľֹϵ¼ʱ䡣˶վ̨ϵĹ۲߿
ϵÿΡδ𡱵ʱҪһӳ䳤ĳ̶Ⱦ
ڻ𳵵ٶȣٴӸ𳵵ٶڹʱ
ϵΡδ𡱵ʱӵ޳񳤶һ
ҲһЧӦڳÿͿվ̨ϵҲ
ͬĳ̶ȱˡ

ʱѾʵ֤Ρһֻӽѽ
ӣڵ 
10ĸߴڼٵӵ
ײġѽӵķ˥еúܿ죨Լľֹϵ
Уǵ˥ʱǵĲοϵˣǵ
ᵽ档ΪǵľֹϵӲ⵽㣬
˥ǰֻ 
600Զʵҵ㣬ǵ
ҪűѧӼеƵʵ飬ͬ
֤ʵˣѽӵڼٵܸٶȶӳ

˫

йʱһ£ν˫
еһһԳһģһ
ֵܣķ͵ķķһԣ٣Ŀռ
Уķڵϵļ뿪Ƕọ́Ҽٶ
ÿ˶һֻرӣӿÿӷ
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ԭӺ͵Ӳ˼άʽԵóԤԣ
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ѧһػصķʽЩһľԭӡ
ʼһǴҪָĵ¹ѧʿˣMax Planck
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һһݵģӡ֣һҲֻ
ֳΪ޵ķ޶ݡĵһ
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Ȼ㣬ͱΪʿ˳ͷƵ֮
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һһݵģӡ֣һҲֻ
ֳΪ޵ķ޶ݡĵһ
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۵Ľìܣûܹһھһ͵ĸ
塣ΪһصĿѧңֻǰ۵һ
ļ裬ǵȻҲһʵˣ
׿гЧŲɡǵ۵ȫ壬
꾡ؼԲʱܵ˺ܴ𶯡
˵ʿ˰ƿųŵ
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һǰ˹̹ǰƽһ󲽡
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1905꣬ͬһ꣬ۺͲ˶
ڡѧ꿯ϡʵϣ۷һͻ
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1921ŵѧһϢ
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ΪʿȵĹȻձΪŷ
ġ˹̹Ľĳ˵΢ɵģ
ţֵ֧һֹ۵㣬 
1678Ѿݸ˹ĹĲ˵
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䡢͸棨ԴĹһʱ
ͻᷢ棬ʱĸƣʹǲԸ


䡢͸棨ԴĹһʱ
ͻᷢ棬ʱĸƣʹǲԸ




-˫ԶʾĲʵľʵ˵һ벻
ۡʵThomas Youngʮͳвġ
ôһԴĹ⣬Ͷ䵽һĲ͸ϡ
һιԴ⴩֮Ͷ䵽
һĻϣγԵĴ״ƣһֵ͵ĸ
áʵǹĲʵһܺ˵һвеˮͨ
ˮпϣҲܹƵĸͼˮ
԰úܽͨЩطĲһЩطĲ೤
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ǻõǰһʱĸͼһ
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һе²⣨Louis de Broglieķ˶Ȼ򵽵ġ


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ʮ.. 1680ꡪע²ӹʶ
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䵽̨һ˵ΪΪӦչ
棩һֽЧӦҲпֱԽһ
ʱԾֱشһλ;ͬ
ನʣʹչԽϰ

²뷨ǶԵģôΪʲôƽ̨Ϸ
УನúأԭԴӵ²
ϵҵ²ϵӵĲԾǵ
ԽӦĲԽСԭӶԣһǵ
߶ȡ˵ܴ󣬶ͨģ۵ģ̨ԣһС
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ԭӺ

ԾѧܶԸ¬ɪһԭӣһ
ܲţǴиԱĽ취취ھѧ
ִѧ֮䡣ΧԭӺתĵӣ򵥵һ
ΪļٶµӷȡţѧЩΪ
˶ɣΪǲ߱κۻЩֱֻ˵˵
ռŹ̶ĹЩǲ䡣Щ
ȶ̬뷨˵Դ֮ˮޱ֮ľ
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ǰΪڲͬĹУΧ̫
ǡǵԭӽյʱһӣһ
ӻԭӺ˸Զһϡͽ˶صķ
ߣΪֻеصԭĹȶ̬ʱ
ŻйǿԿϵһҪ
һķʽջ߷ֻڷͻȻ
ԾǨʱԭӵܼı䡣

ģ򵥵ԭӡ⡣ԭֻһӣ
Χһȵ෴ԭӺ˶

ͼ9 ׵ӡ߻߳ڷĹƵʴڶ
ԭӵӱʸǿ֤ݡ¼.. WJ Mooreѧ
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ԭӺ˵ȵҪö࣬Ϊӣ¬ɪ.. 1919귢ֵġ
ӷ״νԭӷĵסѧ
ǲԸףΪʲôԭӵ׾аһϵзƵʵġ
롱ṹЩƵʶӦڵӵԾǨңֵ߳
׼ȷƵҲԤԣͼ.. 9

Ȼ˷ܵģû˵Ϊӵĺԭ


ӹסԭǽ򵥵ԭӣֻӣΧһ
ɵԭӺתڸӵԭӣһ۾Եø
Ϊ֮⣬ʹ۴ӸʧȥЧԭû
ΪӼٶֻһȫģһ
ʱԵԭӽṹۡ

ӹסԭǽ򵥵ԭӣֻӣΧһ
ɵԭӺתڸӵԭӣһ۾Եø
Ϊ֮⣬ʹ۴ӸʧȥЧԭû
ΪӼٶֻһȫģһ
ʱԵԭӽṹۡ

һͻƹһʱ١ͻƣǼͬʱ
;õģ֮һĵ¹˺ɭWernerHeisenbergһǰµѦ̣ErwinSchrodinger

1925꣬ɭһõһʺ΢ӱʽ
֮ΪѧڱĺȾ˻ȣ
ԺʹϵһƵ֮ۡ
ѧΪһֽѧʽ΢硣
Ĵִͨ񣬵һҪ⡣ͨ
ĳ˷У˶һġǾ.. A˾.. B
.. B˾.. AʶԳƵѧصϵһ
ʵǲȺͬ΢ͿܸͬĽ
ʾ֮һ

ѧ൱Ѧ̵ıʽעĿѦ
ܵӰ죬Լ˵ѧ˵
ãѧϵĳһûκѧ˵ʹԡ
Ѧ.. 1926ԭĽͣĩƣArnold Sommerfeld
Ϊʮ˾ķУ˾ķ֡

²ĹѦ̵̼ӡȫͶ뵽
-ѧ˵оСڰչ˲ѧģǸ뻬ѩ
ʤش˹Զġ˹ɽеһطʱһ
ΪʱӵĹϵǻͳĦ
WalterMoorѦ̴дǸڷŮɼɯ
ʿʫһŮԶǸ..˭
ܼУѦ̵ľ˳棬ȷǸϷ
ԵġһʮʼձִڿѧʷǶһ
޶ġѦ.. 1925.. 12µһУΪ
ԭ۶ܶ˵һ֮󣬻һǳƯ
ۡ

1921Ѧ̵ĴԴﵽ˶㡣ΪʹԼܵţ
Ѷһ꣬ƪйĲѧ


ҪģǶڵ¹ġѧ꿯ϡ

ҪģǶڵ¹ġѧ꿯ϡ

²Ĺйԭӵӷ򣬼һϵ
й̶ĵӹΧԭӺ˵ĵӲ͡ЩΪפ
ڹʱܷٹеֲСұ
ʱĲЩ£гĳڹлǡ
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ÿһֵӦһӵġͼ.. 10

ͼ.. 10 ԭеפʵߣ߱ʾפ
ʧ[¼.. WJMoorsѧ.. 595ҳ]

취Ѧ̵õһ̣ʲ΢
߶ʱݻڱϣţٺͰ˹̹֮ǰ
ѾһţٺͰ˹̹˵ѧĹؼ⣬ֱ
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̨ĺ壬ͻΪţѧķ̡ǣѦ
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һλ۴ʦˣPaul A M DiracѦ̵ƪ
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Ϊ֤ķ̣Ѧ̰ԭеĵӲӦ
ѧĽǶ̱档Ѧñ׼
̣֣ĽһĽҲ͹ʵԭӷ
ϸڣ֧ŵӡʹռݹ̶
ӷذǰ벣ͬĻУѦڿ
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ȻĳɹѦȴ㲻ϵĺ塣
ȻʼʱϣܻصɵľȥΪԴ
ͼʮǲʹһˡԼ


֮Ѧ̷оԭӻ΢ӵײ
ʱ¹ѧҲһǳ󵨵ļ衣԰Ѳ
Ϊĳ֡ڿռĳһһӵ
ʡΪƽ͸ָصʱ䣬ӵ
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ѧһѡ񣬶˹̹ȴִؼֵڶ֣ϵ
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ʵϣĴͬࡣ

޴ڣͬʱ޴

ʹ˸е𾪣һͼͼ 
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ˮ໥ص

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ʵ飬.. X.. Yͬ⡣һ棬ɢ
ڿռеĲ״Ŷͬʱ죨ͼ.. 11b
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һӲҲĻϲеĸͼǿ
ǿȵķ͹ȡ

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ܹʾһѧһıʽ
ѧҷRichard Feynmanʮģʱ
˹ٴѧһоַͨΪͷ
΢뵽ʱ
ݱΪţٵġڷУһӣһ
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1927ġȷԭһԭԣȻ
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ʣȴû׼ȷĶλ֪Խ̸࣬۵
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Ȼǿĳȷĳ̶ϣӹյĹ켣ƶ
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תƵ˵ϡճҲƵӣһֻ̥ѹ
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ܵ˵ȷԭζţǶһԽ׼
һĲȷԾԽ󡣰ȷϵĳ
ǵʿ˳Ϊ֮СԶں壬
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ġһĳһض̬ԭӣľȷȻҪԭ
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һ㡣ЩΪܾʱܹʼδ𡱵Ĺؼ

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˹̹ͬⲻȷԭȻһʵ
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˰˹̹Ͳ֮ѧԭһսǸ
ԶһԭĿעǴ˺һһΣ 
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ԶԶûнڲ 
1962ȥĵڶ糿ݵĺڰϣ
ֻһ˹̹ 
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ڿʼʱ򣬰˹ֻ̹Ǽ򵥵Ϊǲȷģ
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ص㣺תΪ۲ǲȷģǲ걸ġԵɣ
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ݡȻ֮໥زûΪսҡǰ˹̹
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ܹʹ˹̹ŷĹ۵㡣

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˷ԡѾ˹̹ڶʮͳΪ
Ŷֹ뵱ʱѾõţʽ
ͳȫͻԹЧӦĽͣ۵Ĵͷ
ˡǵµѧڶʮʱ㲻ڴͷ֮
ˡ۵˼ȫļʵһֱ
ţڰʵ๱׵ȴ
ʼԶ벻ִֵĴ˹ָģ
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Ȼ찮˹̹ҲѩܵĻᣬΪԽԽĿѧ
ңѧĻԭɡʱǨ
ѧĵ˺͹ĴǸʱѹȥһ˵ʱ䣬Ե
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ȥѧǰһʱͷ
ĻȽϣʱѧдڶ
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ĻȽϣʱѧдڶ
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һϵͳʱһֺǿʽģڶģӼ
ع飬⿴֧ѭʱĹ㹻ʱ䣬һϵ
ͳĲĲͿԻصĳʼ״̬
ѧûṩһĻԭʱĿ͹ţ
ܰʱֳɹȥںͽ

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ǱΪȥʵʵʷЩʲôҲ˵Ǳ
вһ˵ѧҪʱͷǻص
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ĳص㣬ҽǵһص㡣Լϵ
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ܽʽֻӦʵм¼ĵһֵһ


ִǱڵĽ۲תΪġԼ
̮ǲѧĸ籾ܷͣĽ
ĿǵͻȻʱֻһ
ΪʵһӾԺ޾ḻ
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Ӣѧѧҵˣ Paul Adrien MauriceDiracʮ
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۸ӵĹϵһص.. CPT֮У
ѧ΢۶ѧʽһCPTԴһЩɵĶԳԣ
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.. 1955ֱóġֳǵĹͬ
ʹöԳԵԱ֣

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Tʱ䷴ݣʱ䷽ת
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̣Ҳͬһۿ̫ϸ˵CPTԣ
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ǣʱԳοܱƻӶʱͷ

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ɶһɹ򳡵İķʵľ
ʱϵˣɻصͶһġCPTҪ
һǣ۵Ĺ.. CPԳƵģҲʱĶ
ԣTڱڣǿԴһײ;вͲĿ
ϳ͵ĿCPԳԻζţһֻʵִһ
鷴ʵıһһֻʵִһʵ
 TԳԾͱÿһֻʱϼȿǰҲ
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Ͼֻǰ⿴Ͱ鲢ɵ뷨ʱ֮
ϸһԭȻǰ̸Ĳȫ
ءȻ֪ġӡ໥öϸ.. CP
ԣǶʱеķûرҪΪʱ
ԳƵġ

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һǣ۵Ĺ.. CPԳƵģҲʱĶ
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 TԳԾͱÿһֻʱϼȿǰҲ
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Ӧʵ֡.. TԳҲҪܵƻϴıʱ
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ԣǶʱеķûرҪΪʱ
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ƻʱ֮ĶԳԡһֲȶĳ.. K
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ף RTurlayֵġһʹͷ.. 1980
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ӡһӺһ΢ӣʱ.. CPԳԾͻܵƻ
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ˣȻǼӵط˹˵⼸ȫŵʱ
䲻Գƣ΢Сÿ.. K˥ʵشš
ţȻͨһƯʵͼǡָ
Խ򡯡

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Ҫм䣬׶شѧʺѧԺĸ֣ Michael Green
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ģĳĽAlex VilenkinԼԺĻ͹
գJim HartleͼռʱӾһд
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ѧǿ׾ٵг.. 20ֻ߸ĵڶɵĲͬ
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˵ԼĹ۵ȷġͬʱѧһʹԽ
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ѧǿ׾ٵг.. 20ֻ߸ĵڶɵĲͬ
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һλ쵼˵ĳӣһԻȥֻ.. 36ꡣȻ
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һλʦԱ˹˽⵽ȻȺ͹ڽ
ǵȼ۵ģǺɢʹ֮һʮҪĲԳԡ
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ȤĹ̶Ϊϵͳ繹ϵͳ硣磬ѧ
ҳϲǡϵͳϵͳȫ޹
ͼ.. 13aһֻиԾԵڵĺӣʻ۴
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̬Ϊά޵ʵ𻵵ʡֻеֹͣάʱݲ
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ƽ̬ѧ£ʱ֮ġСһ


СܻһЩĹ̶ϵͳ
ƽ̬ƫƽ⣬ⲿӰԺСʹϵͳܹ
ֽӽƽ̬ǿԿƽ̬·
Ȼյ״̬ŨݶȡȻʱ䣬
ȻǺ㶨ġ߽ѷƹ㵽΢ƫƽϵͳ
ͨݻزΪСֵĵ㡣ʱϣ󵨵ؿһ
ķڸӵرԶƽ̬ķϵͳ
һΧϵͳʱݻͼȻƽ̬Ϊ
ԴʱڡµҲѶȴǳ˷ܣ
ΪΧзǳеϵṩ˹ʱ
ͱ仯һ΢ͼ

СܻһЩĹ̶ϵͳ
ƽ̬ƫƽ⣬ⲿӰԺСʹϵͳܹ
ֽӽƽ̬ǿԿƽ̬·
Ȼյ״̬ŨݶȡȻʱ䣬
ȻǺ㶨ġ߽ѷƹ㵽΢ƫƽϵͳ
ͨݻزΪСֵĵ㡣ʱϣ󵨵ؿһ
ķڸӵرԶƽ̬ķϵͳ
һΧϵͳʱݻͼȻƽ̬Ϊ
ԴʱڡµҲѶȴǳ˷ܣ
ΪΧзǳеϵṩ˹ʱ
ͱ仯һ΢ͼ

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ڰ֮ԹϵԼһЩأ
߽Ĳ³ͬһ𣬾̽Զƽ̬Թ
ƻϵͳĿǷǷܰĶƹΪһݻоݣ
֮ļ򵥹ϵٳķϵͳҲáһŬ
һЩǳĽҲ˲ټҵۡ

ǰѾᵽѧһ֮ᷢ
жԡΧŲ³ѧɵһֱûƽϢҵǣ
С籨ǵķʱżҲһЩţʹ
ͬϽ͡ʵҪǽܵķʽȴ˷ǳ
˲Ľ֣Ĺ۵ֻɱǣ֮
ƻ˶Բ³ѧĹ׵Ա۵Ļ

ʮɷѿģ³ѧɾоһֳ
ѧۣĿǰѧԭԶƽ̬
ϣ˹߽õһֽƣʹһԶ
ƽ̬ϵͳھֲϱΪƽ̬ϵͳ
ľֲƴ׺ɡӸϽΪƹУʱ
Ϊֲƽֱʱƴ׺һ

˹ֲ߽֡ƽ⡱ƣоƽ̬
ѧԶܹϵͳزνġݻоݡ
ΪһоݻʱݻķʽһӾ
ļ⡣һо 1971һǷ켫Ȿ
СṹѧۣȶԺ䡷ҵǣԱ
оݵĴǡرѡġʡʡֳΪ


۵ġǵԭǣǵõһѧݻоݣ
ƵĿȥʵʳҪ࣬ʹԼ
ΪһսĿ꣬ЩǼڶԲ³ѧ
ѵˡ

۵ġǵԭǣǵõһѧݻоݣ
ƵĿȥʵʳҪ࣬ʹԼ
ΪһսĿ꣬ЩǼڶԲ³ѧ
ѵˡ
ͼ 
16

һҪµĿǣڵһת۵֮ϵͳʱͿ
ϵΪи߶ȵ֯ԡ磬ĳЩԶƽĻѧӦУ
ǿԿֹɫ仯ƯĲɫϵͳʱ
ݻдﵽȶ״̬ѾٺСزκ
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ʡǮȻһλŮʿͬãȡѡȷ
һĲôϵĸı䡪൱ƽ̬ʱصı仯
㡣Ȼʵ粻Ǵƽ̬ԣλϣʡ
ǮǳǮұ軨һЩʳϡ
£ܹǣĿ͵ʹ
ˮƽƣദƫƽ⵫ȶ״̬ѧ
ϵͳز͵㡣Զƽʱᷢʲô
൱λһѾǮҪǮˡ
£ճԶԶˡڶ˵
ѡ񣬶ѡ˵ʳƷסޡ԰ǮͶʵ
ϢߵҲԳȥͶðҵ
ЩڻѶȫʹﵽĿġʱʡǮ˵
ԻǮ˵һʵоݣһŴֲ赭
ӵͻһоݡ˵Զƽ
ΪĿԡ

ֵעʵǣϵͳԶƽʱزԼ
ڶһµģȻȴͬʱ۲쵽Ϊ
ĳ֡Ǳ޸ǰǵʱͷ
ϵ״̬˻ȷʵʱߵյ㡱ٲᷢκ
仯ʱ򣬿ֵܳľ״̬ڽ϶̵ʱ߶ϣ
ǿԿݵĽṹĳֻ֣ҪʺԼ
ṹͿάִڡһȷҪֻеϵͳ


ǿŵģſԱƫƽ״̬Ϊʹϵͳ
ؿ͵磬Ӷϵͳά״̬ͬʱϵͳ
ɵӡ

ǿŵģſԱƫƽ״̬Ϊʹϵͳ
ؿ͵磬Ӷϵͳά״̬ͬʱϵͳ
ɵӡ

Զƽ̬ʱȶ

ռǡֻеĹĦ˹ṩư
Ҫ֤һ˹߽оݵĶ̴תΪ
ֵӵĳо֮ԲܳΪһʷԭ
ڶԶƽ̬жֶĿԿɹѡֳ׵ĸ
ԣʹֱϵΪܣͬʱ԰⣬Ϊʲ
ôвȡһ֣͸ϵͳʱݻʵ;һ
ĵλԽνֲͼ˵һּ򵥵
ʾ˿ɹѡĶֶĿԣֲ˼ת۵
״֧λڼͼϱڽӽƽ
ʱֻһֿԣ൱׽ƶϣӦ
ѧ֧Զƽʱ򣬻ֶöĿԻ򡰷֧
ͼ 
16aУֲʾϵͳﵽѧת۵ʱϵͳٵ
⡣

ǰִڻѧӦǲ̵һõ
ӡʱݻѧϣҴӶתɻѧϽ
ȻͬĲ磬һˮʹе
γ⣨ֲͼʾˣһرĻѧ
ӦԶԶƫƽʱֵܳͼ 
16еӦ
ĳֻѧɷ 
AŨȡ뻯ѧӦֹͣʱѧƽ̬ġ

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ͼ.. 16 ԶƽʱѧӦķֲͼAķֲ档˱ʾ
Сزѧ֧Ϊȶʱƽ̬ľ롣֧ת
˦˴ŨȡBֲͼԷӦԶƽ̬ʱ


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ܵȶ̬Ŀӡ

ϵͳųԲϵʵԲ
䣩AŨȽ 
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ȡ

ֲͼһЩʲôʾأƽ̬Լƽ̬˴
õ򣨼ѧ֧ϣϵͳѭ߽
СزӦҲȶȺ̬ǵƽ̬ľ
볬һٽֵʱͻѡҲѧת۵㣬

ֲcͻȻߡͼϵ߱ʾѧ֧
Ϊȶˡ

ת۵壬ΪԽԺλþ
ĻѧӦϸڣЩ¿ԿΪĳ֡
һصǣʱѧӦԾѡУ
ѧӦµȶ״̬ɹѡ񣬹AŨ
״̬µֵǸͬġת۵ʵϰһݻʷ뵽
ӦΪѡмһѡʹ
ϵͳܹŷֲͼϵһ·ݻĿǰ״̬ʵϣϵͳ
ѡС䡱ġһɵĻ
ǲͬѡĽѧӦһʱֻܴһȶ״
̬·֧ʵѭһ֧ϵͳᴦһ״̬
ȫӲҾһаٷ֮ʮĻᡣǽڵ
͵¿ϵͳڶѡҲڵȶ̬
Ŀǳ޴ʱ򣬻ʲôΡʱᷢȫԤ
ĶѧΪҲνľԻ硣ΪԴͼ 
16b
ʾĸӵķֲͼϿͼϣһת۵һ
µת۵㡣

ڵһת۵֮ᷢʲô˹߽
ķƽ̬ѧֻһģͼʾĳҪ
ʵʻᷢʲôһҲûнһѧң
ЩѡζһֻԸıɫĻѧӣԹֳ
ɫͼһ̬ѧңЩҲζŶȺµ
Ⱥ̬仯һҽҲζһಡΪ
ǡشЩǱڶԣĳѧӦģ
涯ѧ̵꾡ѧоĶѧעĿ


ʣԼĸӷܿǧ򻯵ãǽڵ
Ҫ۵⡣

ʣԼĸӷܿǧ򻯵ãǽڵ
Ҫ۵⡣

ǿԿѧֹṹԷڶ
ȴձΪǳ״̬˻һʡ
Ǹ˹߽о塣1977߽꣬
ŵѧ佱ڷƽ̬ѧĹף
ᵽ˺ɢṹۡ

ʹɢṹ롰ȼšĸأǵ۲
ʵӦƽ̬ѧãͻζ
ݻͬһб仯ֹͣﵽƽ⡣
ڷƽ̵оѾһԶƽ̬ݻ棬ǲ
˼򵥵ķʽġУķƽ̬
ѧԷ֯ṹʹǡϵֱϸ
֡



ѧΪֻЩʾԭӺͷӻй
鲢˵һжԹᵽ
ΪǸĲΡַѧ΢
ʱͷʱͳˡΪѾģţ
ѧۻѧ΢￴
ʱͷһǣ΢ƽ״̬ʱ
ƵĹɣѡһһб仯ǱѺľ̬Ϊе
ʱ˲ʱǱ˴˵ȼ۵ġԭӺͷУ˶ʱԣ
ֱѧ̵Ĳִģʷܴ
JosefLoschmidtһЩ 
1876һĲ
ΪѧѧóҲǲ걸ġ
ԵҪ𰸣Ӧ֮߸ǵĿѧ̽Ҳһʹ
˲Ϣ壬ǲܾʹֹŬ
ֱǵǰ漸۵һ¡Ϊ񿪶ѫ
һָģһʱͷ΢磬п԰Ѻ
ߵеÿһӣ˶κ


ʱ̶ȫתģȻĽ̽ԶǼ򵥵ؿġ
·ɽĭ¾һˮУ˶ٲˮε
»ۣʹˮߴӶٲԱγһˮ..
ŵĶԽԽᣬֻ֪ǵùȥصδ
ʱ̡

ʱ̶ȫתģȻĽ̽ԶǼ򵥵ؿġ
·ɽĭ¾һˮУ˶ٲˮε
»ۣʹˮߴӶٲԱγһˮ..
ŵĶԽԽᣬֻ֪ǵùȥصδ
ʱ̡

ҪԽʵΣۺ΢ۣ֮ĺ蹵Ҫ
ͳѧѧƣǰѧ򾭵ѧҪ
ӴĿϢѧ磬ǣ
ΰѶһеĵӵ֮ѹ¶
һ

΢۲ϣһɾ޴Ŀ˶ŵķɡ
Ŀ 
10 
23㡣˿ҪЩ
ӵΪõһҪϢҪ
֪ĳĳʼʱ̣зӵٶȺλáں۲
ϣֻ֪ҪٵϢͿʡ磬
ƽ̬£ֻҪ֪ѹռݵ
¶ȡȻʹϢͳѧ񣬾
βʵ

еĹؼ裬ǰѸ۲ѧСʹ
԰Ѽ㽨ƽֵĻϡִĸжһǣ
ʹţģҲüΪ޷зٶȺ
λõ׼ȷϢһȷԵۼڰ£
еͱͳԵģѧȻе
ѧȫͬңҲ̸ֻϵͳƽʣ
磬ӵƽ

ڶǣϵͳ𹹳ǵԭӺͷҪöࡣ
Ҫ֤һ£Ӳʱ棨棩ֵĻǲǰ
֮ʮʲζţӲΣһһ
ֻеͬʱͬӲң߰ͬһöӲҷ
ΣƽΪŻ֡ĴԽӲҵĿԽ࣬
Խӽڰٷ֮ʮļʡصƽֵһճķ
ӵΪǺˣΪķĿ
Դﵽڸͳѧмƽֵһܹһ
õͬǰһӲһڴΣ
ôƽֵٷ֮ʮļʵƫ΢ˡ


ͳѧһǣһб仯ֹͣ˵ƽ̬
ܼ򵥣Ȼʱݻķƽ̬˵ҪԶԶ
ӵöࡣȴƽ̬ͳѧʼѧ֮
һȷϵӵƽٶȺ¶֮Ĺϵ
ƽ̬ͳѧĹؼһֺֽĸѧߣ
һϵͳƽ̬ʱкʡغѹ
ϵͳǹ塢Һ廹塣ֺԭϿ׼ȷشӸ
ϵͳռܼЩ̸ͨѦ
̷̶õǴʵʵĹ۵һ伬ֶͷ
۵ĹֻнĳЩţѧƣǹһ
뻯ģͣܿ˷ЩѡȻһǵõֺ
ǾͿйƽ̬ʵĴ𰸡磬Լ
һƽ̬ʱػܣȷڸ¶µѹ
Ҫκʵ顣

ͳѧһǣһб仯ֹͣ˵ƽ̬
ܼ򵥣Ȼʱݻķƽ̬˵ҪԶԶ
ӵöࡣȴƽ̬ͳѧʼѧ֮
һȷϵӵƽٶȺ¶֮Ĺϵ
ƽ̬ͳѧĹؼһֺֽĸѧߣ
һϵͳƽ̬ʱкʡغѹ
ϵͳǹ塢Һ廹塣ֺԭϿ׼ȷشӸ
ϵͳռܼЩ̸ͨѦ
̷̶õǴʵʵĹ۵һ伬ֶͷ
۵ĹֻнĳЩţѧƣǹһ
뻯ģͣܿ˷ЩѡȻһǵõֺ
ǾͿйƽ̬ʵĴ𰸡磬Լ
һƽ̬ʱػܣȷڸ¶µѹ
Ҫκʵ顣

ҵǣԭƺǣ֮⣬ûݾ
ϸоһͳѧĻ֮һƽֵǲ
ÿһӵ׼ȷλúٶȡȡƽֵķʽ
ѡþѧѧ΢۲Ρʵûѡ
صģΪֻѧܸ΢Ȼ
֮ڲ𣬵ĺҪȴ
ʵԵĲͬĳЩѰ糬ڵ½
ȫʧȥԵ迹Եĳ֣ھͳѧ
ͳѧѧʽϷǳơʵϣǵϵͳ
Ŀ˾޴ʹΪЧӦòˡ

ţٷʽҪȷһϵͳÿһӵλú
ٶȡΪ˱һϣĳԣǲһֽʷ
ͳѧѡͶƱѡе
飬ԸѡٵĽһʷֲԸ
ϵͳһ״̬ļʣ״̬еķϸؾ
λúٶȣλúٶǰţٷʱݻ
ġ

Ǹϲѧòȼۡھ
ѧеĹȻţģһͬԭӺͷ
Ϣ⡣һϵͳ۲⵽ĺ۱֣


Լ΢״̬֮ݣÿһ״̬һĲ
ǲϣ֪ϵͳʵǴĸ״̬ͨ
ڸӵ壬̬Ŀ֮޷ġǱת
飬򾭵伸ʷֲѧ
ʣܶȾǷϵͳκһ̬
ļʣ̬ͬɲͬĲд

Լ΢״̬֮ݣÿһ״̬һĲ
ǲϣ֪ϵͳʵǴĸ״̬ͨ
ڸӵ壬̬Ŀ֮޷ġǱת
飬򾭵伸ʷֲѧ
ʣܶȾǷϵͳκһ̬
ļʣ̬ͬɲͬĲд

ʱͷ

оѾ̸λʦֵرش
һʵģΪͼǰᵽάҲ
һ˰ٵĶӣ.. 1844.. 2.. 20գիʼ֮ǰ
ڶҹʱѽЦ˵Ϊ
ʲôԸ׼ϲ޳ԭ򡣲һԻ
ɡѧڶɡһͳԵĽͣ
뷨⵽ѧҺѧҵļҷԡѧ˵㷺
֮ǰɱ
ˡȻҲǿͬߡ1900꣬ɱǰ꣬
21İ˹̹дŮ˵һλĴʦ
ҼԭǶԵģҲ˵£ȷʵ
ڴȷ޴Сķʵ㣬Щʵһ


ΪһϵͽڰµȱȽ
ܽʱǰٵ۹ʱάҲɴѧѧѧ
ʿѧλʱ¶ѧšĵʦѧ˹߯
Joseph StefanƼƢŹֵѧ߶ Josef Petzval
˹߯Ĳʿʦ˹Τ嶯ѧŷ޴


½˹ΤĹ˽һƹ㣬õ˹߯
һѧǰᵽʷܴͳѧ
ѧ֮ǰ꼴 1872꣬ͱ˰ά
дӼϵĽ˴ѧƽ;
оʹʱƺ΢۲˷õһʱ䲻Գ
ݻ̣ڽ̣˷̶νĵӷֲ
ֲַǶе˶һͳһ
һµѧν.. HʱС
Ϊصļͷṩһͷϵͳƽ̬ݻ
ʱӵģHֵȣ෴˲
ƣڷӲϽ˲

½˹ΤĹ˽һƹ㣬õ˹߯
һѧǰᵽʷܴͳѧ
ѧ֮ǰ꼴 1872꣬ͱ˰ά
дӼϵĽ˴ѧƽ;
оʹʱƺ΢۲˷õһʱ䲻Գ
ݻ̣ڽ̣˷̶νĵӷֲ
ֲַǶе˶һͳһ
һµѧν.. HʱС
Ϊصļͷṩһͷϵͳƽ̬ݻ
ʱӵģHֵȣ෴˲
ƣڷӲϽ˲

ǳȻأӻƻţٵʱԳƵĶɡ
ΪԼһЩԭ򣬲ܵʿ÷
Ernst ZermeloԼԼʷܴĵļøֱ
˵Ļ˵Ϊϣκʱ䷽ķУ
һΨһʱͷʷܴ.. 1876ݵѧ
ʱԳƱԡʮ÷ԲǸӼ
ĻعۣǿԻһ£ÿһϵͳص
ĳʼ״̬

Щʹ𾪣ͨѧҵʱͷ
ˡ϶ڶɸݵǼ۶
ѧѧ鲢ۣԭ۵ʽԭҲ
ͳƷͬĹ۵㣬Ѿ
ȼŵ״̬˵ѧƽ״̬ǡλһ
ʹ뿪ƽ̬ʹǳƽ̬
طͬʱصӡžǣ߶
ûʱͷģʱͷͬҲͬ
ʱͷǵ෴

һжԵ뷨ҵǣվסŵģΪ
ûй۲⵽沿֣ʱǵߵģһ
ͷţԽԽСҿ԰̣˵Ĵ껹ԭһ¡ȷʵ


ڵᵽģִѧѧ
ģܴѧƽ״̬һѧʱ
ͷΪڽʱڣеϵǾһġ֪
һһʱһ£ʱѧƽ̬ڽڹ
ȥʹѧĲѧ;ѧĿ
һ£ĿǶԵġʱǰ棬ȱܹ
սʤ۵е֪ʶǽڵڰٻص⡣

ڵᵽģִѧѧ
ģܴѧƽ״̬һѧʱ
ͷΪڽʱڣеϵǾһġ֪
һһʱһ£ʱѧƽ̬ڽڹ
ȥʹѧĲѧ;ѧĿ
һ£ĿǶԵġʱǰ棬ȱܹ
սʤ۵е֪ʶǽڵڰٻص⡣

 1902صάҲɵְλʱ
ѧ۵ͷΨһҴߡ˹˹Τ
ȻȥһѧϹһ潡񻯡
ԽԽĽʹͷۡ 1903Ӻ
٣ɰִдǵŮ˵㸸
׵ÿ¡ѾĽʧȥġάҲ
á

.. 1904ףʮٵ֮󣬲ø
㨲֡.. 1905굽.. 1906֮Ķһ
һλѧʹࣺһʵĲͷۣ
ʹܼѧҺһλѧһάıͨ
ԡԽ뿪ʱǰһ
ֺʧȥԵԿ־壬ԼĽʹĶ񻯣ϹԵ
սʹ.. 1906.. 9.. 5ɱˡ֮ԭѧ
˵ʼ൱ĳ̶ڰ˹̹ڲ˶
ӼоԼ֣Jean PerrinܿʿԴʵ


֤ʵԼ˹٣William JohnstonΪµ񡷵һ
ݷḻ̸˲ʱİµ֪ʶ磬ɱ
һʱֵķУԴӱܶĿȷ
ʵһ˵֧ȫ˼жģǷչۡΪ
һУΪݡ

֤ʵԼ˹٣William JohnstonΪµ񡷵һ
ݷḻ̸˲ʱİµ֪ʶ磬ɱ
һʱֵķУԴӱܶĿȷ
ʵһ˵֧ȫ˼жģǷչۡΪ
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ͳӵ˶ѧҽܶ˹EdJaynes˵
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ȡõϢһ۵Ļɽ Claude Shannonκ
֣Warren Weaver 1949춨ġǵ˵Ϣ
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ȡõϢһ۵Ļɽ Claude Shannonκ
֣Warren Weaver 1949춨ġǵ˵Ϣ
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ǲýƷϵͳϵͳԻԹһ
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䳲״֯Ƿ߱ɣHenr Benard.. 1900״
ֵġ1916оLord Rayleigh֪͡
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߽ͬ˹Gregoire Nicolis˵ǳ
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һϽˮʽӦˣַӦÿѧ
ĵ豸ѧƷ뷴ӦϷڽѧӦ
ƷٴӵʹߡĳƷ.. X߻һν
Դ߻ķַԵӱˡXĳʱγɵ
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һǵֿԵѧҶ飨 Alan Turing
ʮӢѧΰ֮һһ뷨д.. 1952꡶
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˹شѧɾ͵׺Ŷһ˾廯ѧ
ӣÿһΣһΡ1935꣬ˡͨû
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ܱ¹鱨鱨һ̨Ħգ
룻1945꣬조Զ棨Automatic ComputingEn-gineͨûҲǵԵʵ֣.. 1950
꣬һʱ仨Ķ飬עתȻ
Բͼ롣

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ѧνġ̬ԴۡҳһѧԼһ
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Ҫ൱̶ȵѧҪѧͳȻѧ

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죬ʳݹ軯ƻ»˹Andrew Hodgesд
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ͶӵƻȥŽڵĶҩһ
дʣƻѽѽ˯һݽȥɡ⼸仰
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Ŀǰʵڴ֯оõķͶԭõĴ
ͬʮرؼԵķչǶ
Ȥһ.. 1968ڲеۻϣĿѧ
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𣩣Ұ緢һЩ񵴼ԱȽϣЩ񵴰
ͽ͹áһչ߽շƸReneLefeverĹҲ.. 1968귢ġ˶
ģһпռ֯ġѧӦģϵ
ͳ1973꣬ǹմѧ̩ɭ John Tysonģ
Ϊ³ӡΪڱʱ׶ƪ
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ռԶ֯Щѧ弫ΪشΪ
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ڽУ۾˶ϸļ

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ڽĲ³ֻǸģͶѣǲȡѧϵ
㡣ˣڲ³ӵоΪǵһ̺õ·
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״̬֮ȥ൱ڴӵֲͬʽұ
ʱһй򡣱³оУҲ۲쵽
ռͼγɡ³״ṩһʵڵĻѧӦ֧
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ӦĹŹΪʮۻѧҺѧҴδ뵽
ġ

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Ū˻Ϳû˿Ͻܱ³йػѧϵͳԷ
֯ıΪڶ˵κλѧӦ˻
ƽ̬һɫ֮ĻѧζŷӦȻ߻
ͷ·ⲻǸڶɿЦ𣿣ʵϣ³򲢲ǵһ
ԩˣݴѧĲ William Bray 1921
תΪˮĹУҲһʽĻѧӦⷢ
ֱΪʵӶΪ󣬶δܡ

ӦȤֻǵ͢˹ѧϰ˱³ʽ
䷽ԺſʼģܿʼҵʱĻ档60
͢˹Ī˹ƴѧﻯѧϵҵ֣Ա³
ĻӦһǵ޸ģһķӦ
ӣʹɫش졣ȡñͬе͡
Ҳʼоϵͳʮ֯ѧӦ
ѾΪʱֵһѧơ1979꣬ҪصĿѧң
ΪҪԳƼ飻 1980꣬³͢˹ˣ
˹Valentin Israelovitch KrinskyĻ
GenrikIvanitskyAlbertZaikinһٻ
ǣԶڹ϶Թǰ³.. 1970ȥ
ˡ

³ķ֣չĸֱͳΪBZ


ӦBZӦЧҲܿɿȤʵ߿ɲ¸
йġħһ䷽Եõʽ
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ʮֲͬĻѧƷ֣һЩнǵΪ
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Ĳ³ӸӶˡϸʮһ裬Ϳҵ
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ѧӦĻɫнرȥѾ
Ϊһ޻ʽӣѧӦΪһ
һīñıԵϹһӦðΪ
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ԶԺֵֿܱΪڵһٽ㣬֦Ϊ
ֿԡÿһ֦С֦֦֦һֱ
ȥѧ൱ڷϵͳȫһ֮±ֲֶͬ
ΪЩٽֲԽԽ࣬ͼҷ
Ŀܼһšǻһº壺ͼҷ
ǴԶѧƽĵط

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Ϊ֮࣬ۻҡϵͳѲֻ֦ϣ
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Ļ״̬ƽ̬ԽԽԶԶ
ĹУܾٽ㡣ǻΪƽ̬
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֮Ȼ滹Ҫθͨĵ·

֮Ȼ滹Ҫθͨĵ·

ֲعصΪ绹ǿӵĸ
⡣һգDavid Ruelleؿ˹FlorisTakens.. 1971
֤ġճڱʱڰ踽غϲĸ
ѧоѧԺؿ˹Ժ޴ѧǵ
Ŀǣıʡ

ͼ.. 19 ӡAӣ̬ƽ⣩еӦ塣

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ӡ
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Сӡ

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˵;һĸ߶ϳ񵴣˸
ӣҪȥܡȻʱϵݻϸ
ԵĹɣжȴԼѧҡѧҡѧң
һѧһֱ˽ڴ˹УǴӵ
ִõ

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..ʲôҲǲ..ҳ죬Ͳǵˡ
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ֺʺЩ˾ȶǻܲ׵Ķһ棬
ӢѧChristopherZeemanΪһõ
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״̬ʱԭϵ̶ӦΪһȶɫ
ѭڼԭϵʣԲͬڻѧӵƵʣ
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ԽԶˣʱӦͱƹһһٽ㣺
һ̶Ժ󣬻ʽѧ¶ͷǣμڰͼƬ

λڰ˹͡ĵÿ˹ѧ˹ᣨHarry Swinney
ϸо BZӦĶѧʣǵõ֤ݣ֤÷Ӧ


״̬дһӡԻȻǻѧĳѧ
һ˽Իѧ̽ãΪ໯ѧ
ҵ̱ʶǷƽġϵͳУݵĽɫҲ
ҪΪǲȱٵġ

״̬дһӡԻȻǻѧĳѧ
һ˽Իѧ̽ãΪ໯ѧ
ҵ̱ʶǷƽġϵͳУݵĽɫҲ
ҪΪǲȱٵġ

ȵĹΪԤṩһı⡣ƾһ̨
ʱǺϣĶһټѧ죬
һѧģͣҪܵؼ򵥣©
Ҫʡȵķ̶һ·ȵˮƽҺһ
ҺȵĲֱȽᣬҪϸӶ
ȹǿǲõ໥
ķ΢ַ̡ҪӳҪ̡
鷽̣ʶʱĳʼ
ô΢Сı仯Ԥͻںܶڼȫı䡣ҪǱ
˾ͺܿ˵Ǽʲôëѧϵľʹ
ȫϵĽһ㣬Զվʱ
ǰ档ӣֱʮԺŵõϡ
ǽգ⻹ûб֤ΪѧеӣȻ
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ԽԽɵļȡԽԽ׼ȷԤ뷨
ڻĴڣһصϰȷ̶Գʼļ
ԣνġЧӦ˵ڻ磬
΢С¼޴ĺӣ֮壬ǧ
ɭһֻһ³򣬾ͻӡȺһ籩
꣬ȵȡȻŵı˵˵ȻνҪǣΪ
ʵʣȷһЩͷҵ
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ۣȻһ޴Ĺ̡ԱֻһЩģ
һ磬ɷнµؼõӵķάʵҪ
ĽֻʹֽͣǿԻ硢
⡪̬֯ջ˼ڽ˵ϵͳо
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£ǣȫ𰸣ֽǶԲϵͳ
ޱȵΪ֪ʶΧ⡣һװлԳֵĳϵ
ۣȻһ޴Ĺ̡ԱֻһЩģ
һ磬ɷнµؼõӵķάʵҪ
ĽֻʹֽͣǿԻ硢
⡪̬֯ջ˼ڽ˵ϵͳо
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Ϲϵļ޻ֲ㣻·һС·
ߡһ޻żУӻַʽ
ַ֡ʽͬأһСгһ
СЪԡҪϸ൱רţǷ߲
ĦYvesPomeauګƶPManneville.. 1980귢ֵģ
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Ϊ˵ڻѧͨгֽзѸĲ
ѸĲMitchell Feigenbaum˷մѧǰ
˵õİ취һü򵥵ķֲ桰ʾЩ
״̬ʾϵͳӿɵֻ״̬򣬱ϵ
߸ĻģһƬʱᷢʲôгʽ·ߺ
-ؿ˹·Ȼ÷ֲͼǵѧϸںϸȴ
ܲһߣг·ѧŨȵı仯ͬһѭ
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ʱǸչͼ.. 21еĵһ֦㣬һΪ
ڼŨԶٶȿʼ䣺ʵϣǱһ
Ϊ.. T2⡰ˡ

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Իȷ˽⡣1980꣬չڻƲ£
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ԵĲ̬ᵼĶ̬ԸƸද״̬
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ܴĺôǽյԤȷʲô̶ȡ

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Ҫǧǧͬе塣ףһϸļ
ϸĤߣһϵеķӱãѼӺӸ
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ͨԶŨݶͨĽͨʹ
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ݶһڣ޷ϸˣͲ˼ˡ

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֯ĸͲʱСռеṹԼĳ
ЩʵµľԻ硣עĿѧ֯
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Ĺ߿һĳɹ⻹Ҫһ˫ء
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ЩϵͳۺʵĹΪѣһ棬ѧҶ
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ץסϵͳ֯ĻԭմѧҶ
ʽıҪҪĻȻ԰иϸ
ڶǵʵģ棬Ƿǳ޵Ĺ
Σʮ֮˾ǻҪŪø

ݻƺԴ

ʵоĵõ½ֽۣе
ڼʮǰͬһȡΪڣ
һһɵϸϸɵл塣ĵĻڱ


;ѡĽۣѧҲѼϣ湮ˡǣ
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ۣȻִѧĸԤĹǲ̫ġ

;ѡĽۣѧҲѼϣ湮ˡǣ
򵥵Ժδûд⡣
ۣȻִѧĸԤĹǲ̫ġ

ݻںδӰ뷨֮һԴ
ıˡ.. 1871дһУд裨ȻǸ
ġ衱ǿһиʽİΡʽ
Ρչ⡢ȡȵȵůСѧӦγһ
׻ӵı仯..

ֽ۵˵ԭϿ⣬ʱϺͿռ
֯лԶƽĲ̣ǿԳ
ġÿϸһ֯õĹ棬˵ĻѧӦڻ
ѧĳּȵķֲ֮½Сڴ˲οԿ
ϵͳǰĿSantiagoRam nyCajal18521934׫
£ѧ϶࣬ἰ֪ʶҲӹʱȻıȷ
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񺮷紵治ıӾҲر
֮ӵӣϸߵȵлԪһֳ
ۣһֱ쵽ıѧס͵Ϯ
Ͼӣл̬ܣ״ԭУΧ
̥ת磬δｫҪ֣άһָ
ȸӵĶأĽṹڻһת
Ϊеܣϸ򵥵ΪѧأΪֵԪص棬
֬ϸͥõģΪԤδļģ
ϯʣʳƷԷĳٰչӪΣ
˵˶ɣЭǿǣǵĬ룬
ʹǵľࡢߵ

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ƽĳϣﵽǱ仯ĽṹǿԳ
ģʮǰγԺڣǡ֯


䷽Ҫʣʲôʹһëġĵ
ڼӣȫ϶أ֪٣潲ģȻ
ЩطƲ⣬ǶЩ

䷽Ҫʣʲôʹһëġĵ
ڼӣȫ϶أ֪٣潲ģȻ
ЩطƲ⣬ǶЩ

Ϊ֣ЩлµγɣҲ
һЩ֮ۡһ˵Щ򵥷γ̫գڽ
ƵͳɵȻǴ򣬰ЩӶ
ĳЩĳ˽һ飬˵ճ
ЩԪĴ߻ұʽһ֣
.. DNAǺᣩ.. RNAǺᣩƵĽ·
ߡȻγЩʼĸӷߵ·򵥷ξ
ϳϸܻǸ⡣ǣ浽صݻһ
һĤϸֿһͬãһЭ
ģѧӦɣлָ׽

ͳĿǣʼЩ໥õķӱڸĽṹ
棬Щṹ˴֮ı߽ǰ͸Եģӷʱ
Ϻڿռݻˡа֣Alexander Oparinġģ͡
ˮΧŴγɣи˹Ḷ́ʹ
֯΢С򣻻и᷿ƣRichardGoldacreġ֬˫塱
ģͣ֬򵥵Ĥ״ṹĿǰǿRNA
߷ӵԴ߻ϸĤγǰĵһƶߡֹܵķ
ʹҮ³ѧİSidney AltmanͿѧĽݿ
ThomasCechٻ1989ŵѧǵĹǰ
ѧ߻Ϊǵס

Ǵ֯ԭǾͿԶԿܷȡ
һֺĿǰԭʼ
ĳǡķƣʵ֯һˡ磬


ĳַܴ߻ĲԷ֯ı־
ˡӶʵľԽƻͼͽܾࣨ
ƶ.. 1952;ѧʾʱϺͿռеͼ
һɴ˵õʾӦһֻƣɢʵķ
ԣѧӦ

ĳַܴ߻ĲԷ֯ı־
ˡӶʵľԽƻͼͽܾࣨ
ƶ.. 1952;ѧʾʱϺͿռеͼ
һɴ˵õʾӦһֻƣɢʵķ
ԣѧӦ

Ŵ

ơ.. DNA.. RNAǻָ
ָΪǵϵ쵰סֻѧϢʹ
ĸĸȥƺ̫ϣӦüסʹõ
ֻĸһϸϢ
ʮĴӢٿȫ飬װ׶ࡣ

DNA.. RNAݻһַӡѧұȽ
ŵĺѾֵŴ壬.. DNA.. RNAںܳڼ
ͻ൱ȶͻԸܷ䣬Ϊƹ󳭡
ͻĽͬˮκ͵µ֡ͻ䵼³һݻ
ӣӵġδ𡱺ͻӦӿʱȷĻʯ
У׼У׼Ժ󣬿ںʱ˴˷֧ġҲ
֤Ŵ벻Ϲʮҡ

ڸʽָϸƣѵԭϵĺ
γɸĵסһȺؼԵӣ
ѾǰݵĽɫѧ߻߽ء
᲻ͬûԸƵΪ߻ʱ߶ȵר
һԣ֤ԼȺ֮һϵ͵ķ
ǣֵףΪ׶Ժĸ߻ãĸ
Ĳٲ˵ġڶԻѧӦѧĹ׻.. 1967
ŵĸ͢ѧоѧϵϵΰ
Manfred EigenάҲɵ˹أPeterSchusterԼ
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νġѭ˴˹Դ߻ӦѭһǺͰ
ԭʼ޻ʵ֡Ǵ뷨ѾõһЩԤԣ
ڲõδܵõʵļ顣

νġѭ˴˹Դ߻ӦѭһǺͰ
ԭʼ޻ʵ֡Ǵ뷨ѾõһЩԤԣ
ڲõδܵõʵļ顣

ϵǿʼʶʲô֮£Ըʽ
ѧӦԵõչǻһ£Ըơ
Ҫ֮һֻҪ͵ɵķӼŷƽԼ
ʽĺɢʽṹԭϱ֣ռĽṹʱϵĽṹ
ʱеĽṹΪ֣廨ţҲͿ
ʤյĻʽ⣬ϸۡ

ʱ봴

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Ϊʱ֮ѧڶɵĳ֣һǶʱŵӡ
ĳЩйأ߸ԹйأȻġ

ȻǣǰѵڶɸϸؿԺͻ֣ᷢʱ
֮˵Զ֮һԣصѡȥҪ
֣Ĺٲ˵ġ۵㣬ǽ֣̽
ǽϸؿԶѧѧеӦáһճ
ϸҲãಡʱΪҲãǶҵõ.. BZӦ
ĻڹԱԴĿ֮УҲ
Ҫ֡

ԡǻþѧɵ˵Ǻѱһȫ
ìܵѾָúʱ֮ķ̣
̡üͷǻþǾͲò˵Ļ
ԼڣԼƵĽҲʱ֮
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仰ʱĴžȴï
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ѧлѧһҲӡЩӵĽ࣬
Ȼ˴⣬Ȼٲ˵ġϸһգ֮伤
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ΨһҪĲͬڿǵϵǻϵ

.. BZӦУ֯Ϊѧתгǧ
벽ʱͿռĺ۽ṹУӦ֯
Ǹϸ۳ɶϸл塣֯Ҳ䡢
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˲Ϊ֣ϵͳк BZ ӦƵڲ̡
أڱԺ󣬽ֲġйص
̡ýؿܼҲѹϸĻơַԹ̵Ľ
Ԥ⣬ΪصڱͬʱصĹҲڱ䡣
һ߶ȷԹ̡ŷ̵Ļͬ
ʱҲӦζͬһ

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Щֲܲͬ֯ʽʱϵ֯񵴣
ռ֯ͼߵĽǻڿռ䴫
γ⣬֯һ𣬸ṩ˲ٵļ⡣

壬бϲ֣ͬ͸
ϵͳеĲһԴ߻Ĳһӡ
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ҪǲӦøΡƺ֯
壬崦ڷ״̬ʱ˶ԣಡʱ
¶ͷǣһĳЩʱʱı仯֮СƲ⣬
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˵أЩ۵˹šɵضڻ
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һץסӮ뾭ĴΪ
絽СȻѧеӣ˵ڿ
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仯ߣкܺõļ鷽ʵ
Ӧֱ˵Ϊûϸݣ
м춨ķԳΪӵķά
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ΪеĹ̼˵ݻ˵оԶ
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ǡϵͳۡЩѧҺѧģרҶԡɢԶ


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̵ѧʣǽҪǵÿʵǿʱ֮Ҫ
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ӡʵĿľЩ֤ݡ

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ϧѧľЩǴӿѧƽǶȡõġڲ
̵ѧʣǽҪǵÿʵǿʱ֮Ҫ
ԡȻһ۽Ӧóɹ֤ȷġ
ţѧеҪԣѻ۵֤ȷ䣬
ӡʵĿľЩ֤ݡ

еϸмԴֶΡϸſ
ʱ֮սʱ֮Ͻȶƽʱ֮ԭ
ʼòһȺ۸ӵĻѧӦʳתΪϸµ
ơֲﶯֻڳԶƽ״̬֮£ܲ
ǵϸҪϳﻯѧ
ܲŨݶȣ²ֵܱȵȡ

ǵļͥú硣еֱȼϽСᡱ
ATPһָĹؼӡҪȥATP
ϳɡATPõһܻѧһѹĵɣǣ
浽ѧνȺĸԭΧһԭɡATPһ
ʧȺ˻ΪնᡱADPADPҲԾ
ữһ̣Ϊ 
ATP

ɫֲչ 
ADPࣩϳΪ 
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ú 
ATPȡ֬ȻϸΪ
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ȼһӦнУЩӦ˴˲Ӧֱеĳ֡
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ȻϸȡܡЩúĶ
Ʒͽ⣬ʹǷͣǷһΪ
ATPҪٵöࡢ˹ 
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ЧԶȸ̵Чʵ͡һλĬ˵Щʵ֤ˣ
ûпǲУֻ̫󡪡ŦԼһԭʼ
ϸл壬ҲкʳеĽĸʹûп
Ҳͽ档򺡢̺ҲǴʱ
ˮסУͽҲãѪҺ޵ĵط
ڽоһļ⡣

ڹáͽԴУﻯѧһֱδǰ


ȥ˽ǽĸеĽͽ⡣ĸǸϸ
һֽĸƤ棬ʹ֭ɾƵľʱ
ĲǾƾҴбĲң֮
ıؾƵ˹֪Ŵ˶֪
³ɴѧİͲ

ȥ˽ǽĸеĽͽ⡣ĸǸϸ
һֽĸƤ棬ʹ֭ɾƵľʱ
ĲǾƾҴбĲң֮
ıؾƵ˹֪Ŵ˶֪
³ɴѧİͲ

ȣAgnessa Babloyantzйؽͽļأǰĳ
Ĺǽϻһ׽˵ͼĹڷͻĦ˹ǰ.. 15051450
ľƽѹ١

ƽĸΰתɾƾԻѧҵ
ִﻯѧһǰΪо볹ף
Ƕﻯѧͼ˽⣬ڴ´ﵽ߷塣ʵϣ
1940ңͽ³´л;ȫˡ1957꣬ɭ˹

LNDuysensͰ˹JAmesz״ָͽУ
ƽȵزʱһĽ񵴣ин
ŨҲͬ񵴣Ҫľǵĸ.. ATP
ATPŨǷʱȫڵʱΧǺ.. ADP
аݺֽɫؼڴˡϸֻ.. ATPǽ϶.. ADPͽ֮žʹ򿪣ATPӣϸ
䴢ȡۻԭϸ.. ATPܷḻһ
ֱ˳ͽͨжˡ˵ƹ̽˹ЧӦʵ
һøƣһִӵﵰ׷ӣܼӿĳЩ
ضĻѧӦ

øؽǼø.. PFKרų
ݻPFKÿ.. ADPŨ㹻ʱͿÿ.. ATPŨȹʱ͹ϡ
.. PFKһƼ.. ATPȺǷϣӶʹ
ATPתΪ.. ADP.. ADPȻǼøصأʹع
ⷴǡǡ֯ҪԴ߻Ϊ

ĿǰģͣĿôʱġһ˵
ɹǲ³ɴѧĸ±أRichard Go-ldbeter
Ƹ.. 1972ɸ±ؼģ͡
֦ڶɾֻҪ㡣ͷʮ΢
ַֻķ̣ȫø.. FKP
ﻯѧԴ.. ATP

˼˼򻯵ĺôǣнķ̺³


ķ̾ͺˡĻѧʿԱʾΪһ޻
Ũʵ ATP ADPĺ˳һȦ
һ仯ڴһңʵֵϺܺãμͼ.. 22
ͽɢṹʱ֯ͼĵһϵʵ


ķ̾ͺˡĻѧʿԱʾΪһ޻
Ũʵ ATP ADPĺ˳һȦ
һ仯ڴһңʵֵϺܺãμͼ.. 22
ͽɢṹʱ֯ͼĵһϵʵ


ϸѵ

ƻɳ̡ϸѵĵӣƺҲ֯
ءÿʮϸһʱµŴʱ
졢ֿ롣ϸѵƵúã͵ó֮Ĳ
죬ƲþϸԸָʽзѡ
ϸѡϸÿһһΣϸһͷ
ΡϸѹУٴͬʱʽʱѭʽʱ䡣
۴һϸѶѭΪշѳϸĸ
ȫơϸһ̶ʱѣÿֳһΣϸʹ
һӡһϵѭʱ䣬Ϊ
ϸע˷ѷֳɴԺҪ

˭֪ϸԶһֱѷֳȥ̥ϸ
ԼʮԺ󣬾ͻһʮͬϸ
ʮԺֹͣʮ˵ϸǿԷѵʮΡ
ϻ̶Ӧ϶̵Ķϸѽٴ
Ժֹͣˡδ˥֢ߣǵϸǰѴ
ر١

ڿϸѵĻʱӣȡ˽⡣ǵ
һϸһϵзѶɣÿһΪùϷ
⣬һһԤȰźˡеϸ
أϸһ㳤ĳִСԺŽзѡе
ΧĿƣñ˵ҪϸĲλǣ
ǺַʹϸѣҪؽڵŴ˵


Щʲôأ

Щʲôأ

1980ڣо߶Щ⣬ȡִӶȡ
˴󲽽չһǿݵǵͣJamesMallor쵼֮µ
һоС飬ͷѧоĵƤAndrPicardMarcel LabbףMarcelDore쵼µһС
飬֤˴ϸѵķӡһɶ˹Paul Nurse쵼
ŴѧС֤Ҫķӣڴøص˻һ
ɶ˹ڹţѧĻʼҰ֢оϸѭС顣

ϸԱ΢Сӣڶ״̬֮䣨μͼ.. 23
һ״̬£ϸ󣬷ѱơһ״̬£Ȼ
ϸȴзѡϸ״̬֮䣬һؾ൱ӵ
һΡδ𡱡صĻŴⲿӵɶ˹ͬ
·ˡǵһǰϸѱһٶֻ֤ÿ
ֻӦһֶϸõĵסǹ⿿Բ֪
ѵĻơһҪ֪ЩҪɶ˹ᵽ
ҵһܼǿϸķѣǸ൱һؼԵĵ
סӵıҪһҪͣ£
ֻҪĳ۳ݣĳһԪˡֻʹ
߿Ĳܽ¶ĸԪǿٶȵĹؼ֡ҪҳѸ
ıֺܼ򵥣һϸԽ죬ʱԽСɶ˹
СڰѧҵĸĽĸСС֡
֮һ˼һȱݵĻΪ.. cdc2ϸѿ.. 2
ɶ˹ġű֡һΪøĳԱ֮һ
ŴЩøѱĵ״򿪡ϣ취ǰһ
Ⱥڵ棬ʹ״ı䣬ӶıǵĴ߻ܡ
ȥϸ׼ѵʱ򣬴.. cdc2׼øѱĵס

໥Ӧʱоʲôʹδ
ѡ֣ѾڷѵϸѾͻ
ѡ˾ȵǣӵϸԱǡˡĸ
ĳ桱ԣܡδѶᱻѡԵأ
ϸѵĹؼӣԭʼﵽݻߵû
ʲôͬ 1988꣬ڵôһӡɶ˹
ҪҪĵ׺ɶ˹ԼĽĸ׼øһ¡Ȼ
ͬһɶ˹ΪˣˣEureka

ţСMelanie LeeһƯʵ飬֤


ϸӵģҲͬһֽĸסȻϸӵϸδ֪
ǺԣϸѵŴԴӵʼ
ʵûж仯ĸиͬȣʮǰڵ
ϣźǽͬİ취ϸѣǴѧ˵һ
֤ȻϸʱӣֱҲãҲãƻ
ƶһһڵϸ״̬֮
䡣⡰ͬһֵ״ҶáȻżʣÿ
ȻһЧȥִĳҪǾظʹ
ͬһơֱ⣺һزٵø죬
ʽиı䣬Ǻܾܿͻȥͻ᲻ʺ֯
ġ۸ӵﻯѧ̡

ϸӵģҲͬһֽĸסȻϸӵϸδ֪
ǺԣϸѵŴԴӵʼ
ʵûж仯ĸиͬȣʮǰڵ
ϣźǽͬİ취ϸѣǴѧ˵һ
֤ȻϸʱӣֱҲãҲãƻ
ƶһһڵϸ״̬֮
䡣⡰ͬһֵ״ҶáȻżʣÿ
ȻһЧȥִĳҪǾظʹ
ͬһơֱ⣺һزٵø죬
ʽиı䣬Ǻܾܿͻȥͻ᲻ʺ֯
ġ۸ӵﻯѧ̡

ϸӸϸõԺǲͿԶԣһ
ʽܣ罫ᱻϵͳѧ˵б
ķӲ趼һƬȻһʵķԶģ͡
ѧ̩ɭͿ꣨1975ⷽԹԳƵ
˼޻֤ݣʱ޻ʱ֣Ļһ
Ǹϸʵо֤ˡǻһģ͵ĽǴġ
ɣǴѧ¸¸ǵĽѵַ
ѧģ͵ãηֱԿǣʱָԤ
ŵġ

ճ罻

ڿһĴһ㣬ϸ֯
Ϊϸϸ֮֯鶯ĸ߼ÿ
ϸЩϸڴѵֳĹУ֯һΪ
ɵĽṹڴ˹еκλƣǶ˽ⶼһ
˵ùȥѧˣ÷Զѧ̬Դ
ƺû⡣ʱ֮ġ˾Ĵ֮һ

һֽճһѵϸһл֮
䡣ѧ.. Dictyostelium Discoideumμڰײͼ


ʱǶϸ壨ʮҸϸʱ¸˵
ЩϸȥȥȺеĹһ㡣һȺһ
л塯һŴһµ壬ɶġ˽ĵԪΪ
ż֯һ𡣡

ʱǶϸ壨ʮҸϸʱ¸˵
ЩϸȥȥȺеĹһ㡣һȺһ
л塯һŴһµ壬ɶġ˽ĵԪΪ
ż֯һ𡣡

ϸһӵźţ㿪ʼ쵼ϸķ䶯Ҳ.. cAMP
ŨȸߵķͬʱźŷŴ󡢴ݣγɷṩԣ
ʹϸ쵼ϡϸʽľۼ

ֻҪһճͻʹǾãĹ̺ͻѧĴŲ
ࡣͼ沿еƬʾϸȺۼγͬԲ
ͳ.. BZӦеΪֲҲ༡
Ľ֮У㣬滹ҪҲڴȾ
Уϵĺγɲ

ϸһγճһţ㿪ʼֻγһⶥ.. cAMP
סһ֯һġϸġ桱һ
ͷһβǰ䶯ҹ⣬ˮȺϸγл壬
ǰһҪСʱһףԴͷ쵼ǰ
СγһӣӶźӵҴ
ҴѣӴԶͣʵĵطǱ
ᷢѿ¿ʼһѭ

ΪעĿﻯѧʹ뵽
ĽͽⷴӦΪ䶯ṩźŵʹӣcAMPǴ.. ATP
һΪỷøøصöġͽһҲ
з֣ϸΧе cAMPּỷø ATP
в.. cAMPԴ߻Դ߻֯ȱ
ء±ǰоĸϸнͽʱõķ
Էڼ޻ϸָcAMPÿӲ񵴡
֯ΪһӣߣҲ.. cAMPʵ
.. DDiscoideumһѹ۲쵽 cAMPʽֵʱ
ϵĻ磬Ի֦ɺͽʽֵĿռĻңЩ
һΪøøأͶԻָ


̬Դ

̬Դ

ЩѧֻʵʹԼӳ塣еȴ뷢ţ
ɡڣոʥ³ѧѧڴѷD
Arcy Thompsonڶϸлɳרд
Ľܼ涨Ŀܵơյѧң඼
ΪͬΪѧƵĴ󲽽չǳīʵ
еĹ۲졣

ˣѧʵоͬʱѧҲڱ
˽⣬Щͼʱϱ֯ǲ
ԵõͽϸֵʱϵͼҲͬȡ
ơӡɽƵȵĿռͼЩԿΪפȻ
ɻĲɫӱһͼǹ̶ġ
ֿ类.. 1952һƪʶ̬Դ
лʽķչĿоǷ
ơǮĵӣԼֵĳʼֻ

Ҫʹһͼ˶ѵķӻг֣Ҫ
ڱ۹һɢѧͬĲֵǾ
ɢ˴˲šϢһǻѧӦһɢһ
Ӧ֣ǻΪ˶Щռṹѧģ⣬
Զѧ滯ѧӦٶȣͬʱҪ˼ֻѧ
ͬɢʡˣĻ;ֽΪӦ-ɢۡ
ᵽġɼԡҲҪ

ڵˮˮ󣣬˵һٸ˵ʮ˵
ŸͷȻϣĴ񣬽Ԧߣڽ
һͼԶֽȻڣڶ̬о
Źסˮһ׵һСΣͿԳˮ󣡣
.. 1744ͱߵĶѧAbrahamTrembleyע⵽Ϊ̬Դоṩһǵ͡ȷǷ


ϵͳˮͷȡһСƬ֯һ֣
48Сʱھͻ᳤һͷǸͷߣԼֻ
ֲ֯ܵĳĸȾˡղо
Hans MeinhardtдضԴγͼڶ
ʽӦ-ɢ۵Ļϣģ⡣˵пܣڲ
ĽڼлɳĿƣˮ󣽫ṩһΪͼ


ϵͳˮͷȡһСƬ֯һ֣
48Сʱھͻ᳤һͷǸͷߣԼֻ
ֲ֯ܵĳĸȾˡղо
Hans MeinhardtдضԴγͼڶ
ʽӦ-ɢ۵Ļϣģ⡣˵пܣڲ
ĽڼлɳĿƣˮ󣽫ṩһΪͼ


ͼһ涨ڿǻӹ̥档ͼγɵľ
ȷʱ̺͵ʱ̥ĴСǾĻƵĹؼء
ѧģʾǣΪʲôڲ鶯ֲ˵
ɫȽϾһ£̫Ҳ̫С̱㡢Ǯ
ϵĻƾͻܲѰģͱǮβ̫
ϸװ˰ߵ㣬ߵ㶼ϲΪơȷţѧѧѧ
ĵղķʿĬJames Murray˵ѧģԽΪ
ʲôǰߵ㡢βƵĶûӷ
Ķ

Ȼö鲻ȶͼγи⣬Ǿǣò
ȶԴûκʵֹЩƺƷ
ʣ˽ǡ̬ӡҽѧԺһԷСõܺ
֤ݣ֤ӻȩᴥ̥еһϸʹǳɳΪȻ
򣻶

ͼ.. 24 ̥ʱھĶϵĻƣĴСйء


̫С˶ûа㡣ĶñҲȫ
һɫѧǿԤԣʱҪƣ
·Шͼ˵ԱϺβϻƲͬ

̫С˶ûа㡣ĶñҲȫ
һɫѧǿԤԣʱҪƣ
·Шͼ˵ԱϺβϻƲͬ



̬Դǲݻһӣ
Զ̨˲ӡࡣ˵һʮ
ңһǧΣһܹʮڴ¡̨ķ
еĸֹĽģڲ̡಻
ͬʱҲһͬޣв鶯С󣬴纣
һƺ࣬ԼʮڴΡ

ݻǰǱ򵥵öáԭʼ
ã䶯ʽʹҺеĴСҲ
䶯ʽʳĹӾݻ˴ƣļ
⣬γǽĸҵࡣԴڵ϶
йƷԭʼĸ質ʫʣֱյ
иųֵѧҺͿѧˡ

.. 1920λѧߣ²B.vanderPolͷ
ˣI. van derMarkⷽѣֱڸǱ
ָֻҪģĳЩԵõ
ĸֲͬƻʽɲ룻ÿĳֶǾɷ
ԶѧкϤһص㡪ֲ㡣

νܽSirAlanLloydHodgkinͺտ˹SirJulianHuxley
1952Ϊϵͳѧģһо


ľͻϸݳ嶯״ӡ⹤ʹǻ
ŵǴõ΢̵ַķܸһ
ھоģ֯е̵ʡտ˹
.. 1959ָģ͵ظԻϸȱƣ
ֹԵ񾭼

ľͻϸݳ嶯״ӡ⹤ʹǻ
ŵǴõ΢̵ַķܸһ
ھоģ֯е̵ʡտ˹
.. 1959ָģ͵ظԻϸȱƣ
ֹԵ񾭼

ɵϸһϸġ
ԣ֪Ĳֲָܵͬӡһļ
֯նҮάϸ֯ϸȻ
նҮϸֱṩȻ࣬ǰѡĲ
ļ˸ࡣЩϸĽνĲ
BZӦеģЩĿȲ˿Һ
һҳʢҺĵһ۶Դǡ
ಡʱҲ۲⵽.. BZӦƵΧһ齡
ļ֯ת

ţѧϵļһϸһ
ѧģ͵ʽϸŵգDenis No-bleС
Ƶġŵա˹ƣ Dario diFrancescoǵĺ
ڽһѧģͣаϸĳǧֻѧ
áԭϵĿѧһʲôǾͰ
ӽȥǼʹģһϸĶҲҪļʱ䡪Ҫ
һӵŵյļҪһ롣Ҫ˽ڶϸ
ĺΪܵʱơŵϣմ
ѧġӻConnection Machineģߴʮϸ
̨֯޴ļһƽмĴ
ܰǶԲͬĲԱȽϣһЩ
ⲻͬ˵жϡ磬άԲ˵ھԻ磬
˵ԭתռ㡣

ڱдʱϸеѧʮ


΢ַЩҪõźϸ
Щź⵰״취ǰصӰȥŵ
յģͰʮԼһЩϸڲͱ
仯ѧĹ̡ҪǸ ATPһ
ĹתΪĲ.. BZӦһҲһɢϵͳΪ
ϸҪʹϸ߻ѧݶȲϼ͡

΢ַЩҪõźϸ
Щź⵰״취ǰصӰȥŵ
յģͰʮԼһЩϸڲͱ
仯ѧĹ̡ҪǸ ATPһ
ĹתΪĲ.. BZӦһҲһɢϵͳΪ
ϸҪʹϸ߻ѧݶȲϼ͡

õͼһȺ۸ӵġ֯ġ淴໥
õһࡪһȺѧסøʹļɵÿ
ŵյģͣʾ赸÷΢
ַ̼ѧһпѧʱӷӦʹ
ಫ

Լ

ŵյоǹʱһЩ⣬ಡ
о˺ôʹˣҲ
ж˴˾ʱĲ֣ʱ
ģر˵ǡԡڼȻһԶĲģͣ
ǾͿԿֲԾԻ磬Խϴͳԭ
ҪߴӼ¼ĵͼϵʵзֿ
¡ĿǰݣһЩ˵罫
¶ಡأ⿴һǡ磬άԲ
һֵ±ĲʧȻҽʦ˵⼴
ȻеĻ磨ͼ.. 25A

󼪶ѧĸ˹Leon GlassMichaelGuevaraϣ Alvin ShrierԼ̥ϸео
อȫ֤ݡķϸһЩȺԷ


ءйţ´εĲǰƺ
ԵģϸƵʵƶϸƵ
ʺƵʡܵ¾Իľע⵽BZ
ӦУı仯ѧӵķ൱ڴ˴ĵҲͬ
ΪڽͽʵУǵԱ仯
ͬҲѹ۲쵽ƵأȡڵƵʣϸ
֮ļҲĿһģҲǻʽġ

ءйţ´εĲǰƺ
ԵģϸƵʵƶϸƵ
ʺƵʡܵ¾Իľע⵽BZ
ӦУı仯ѧӵķ൱ڴ˴ĵҲͬ
ΪڽͽʵУǵԱ仯
ͬҲѹ۲쵽ƵأȡڵƵʣϸ
֮ļҲĿһģҲǻʽġ

Ҳ˵ϸʵоΪԺܴ󣻼ʹֵ
ǾԻ磬ҲһȻس֡ʿٵı˿ɫҽԺ
ĸ±Ary GoldbergerȴΪᡣ±ĵ
Ļƣ˵Ȳ˵ĸΪ硣
ֵĽƺΥʶΪĻܵʧڽ
߽⡣±񷴶Ϊڽ壬
ԵɥʧйءԴ˹۵㣬ۡ

¸ȡһ1987꣬༡ʵʱ
ܵʵСĴ̼гתʽĲʧΣա˺
շֺܿ쵼άԲʵ飬֧
롣ʵ鷢֣ʩѭĳЩλ˳ʱ뷽
תԹ۲⵽¸˵ҽѧ
ӣٵÿʵ̫ˡĿǰ⣬
Աֹ̬ȡ¸顶ʱʱ۲д
άԲǰһǲ֪ĺ..
աӦ˽ˡ

ಡʱĲƻǸ˹
MichaelMackeyνԼһӡԼ
ƶġⶨر˻Ǻö
ֻۣ˵ΪˡֶԼҽǶ
Ϥʵ﷢͸ֺʧ硰-˾п˹
Cheyne-StokesbreathingԵر
Ѫ˥ߡͬļಡڿΪԼ
ӽбȽϡӼΪ.. EEGԵͼͼ.. 25BԿ
Եͼʾǻеĵ粨Щ粨Դʮ֮һص
š

ԵͼɷͷƤϵĵ缫¼õÿҽԺĳ湤


缫״ަɡĴƤ׼Ĳͬһ˵
ԵͼǲģǱȽġ﷢ʱ˻
仯ʱ˻Թȥʡ¡йʱڣ﷢ΪǶ
߾ħˡǲΪʧΪʱ
ԵͼеĵȻȱȽϾң෴йЩ

缫״ަɡĴƤ׼Ĳͬһ˵
ԵͼǲģǱȽġ﷢ʱ˻
仯ʱ˻Թȥʡ¡йʱڣ﷢ΪǶ
߾ħˡǲΪʧΪʱ
ԵͼеĵȻȱȽϾң෴йЩ

ɢʽϵͳ۶ڽṩʶܼܿǿĿǰ
ҽЧһʤĿԹѪߵʣ
ʮûиĽΪΪҽûгע⵽
ѪҲġ˹ţһ˽Щ
ϵͳᵼ¸Чҽơ

ڲ˾ܴ̼Ժʱֵĸ⣬ѧҲ
аν̼ʩĵʧأҲԻе
ʽѪҺƽǰ˾ƥֵľûĳҩľ
עʱĳҩڴ£Ȼ
ӽ֮䣬ܲ׽ȶĹϵǣӦѰ;
ҩƷķãԴˣЩҩĹ˾Ѿʼǡڲ
ĽĽҽǽһɹ
˵ҳȷķҩʱ䣬ƹķѴ̼
ʱãƷȵȡ

ѧڴӷԶѧȡʶ˭뵽
ӳ۵оУҽѧҪĽƿо
ѵԱšͣǴ϶û

ѭӲ

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ԵĶɣǾ͵˵Ĵںеж
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䣬óһձϵ𣿻ûȫǻûп
ռФи˶ֻ˿ɻϵͳͱ
ϵͳ֡Ҫ֪⻹ǣ浽Щ
ɻֵģӼȷֵģѾ
 
Kڡ
ӡϵͳΪʹ̨һе˶ռФ
ë״ģʾռ䶼һ棬һ뻯
ӰڻһеǼ򵥣ɻֵģϵͳӣ⼴
ǵ˶Ÿ߶ƣûײԤ⣬ǷǱԵģ
ǵжζйоءЩɻϵͳռФ
ƵģǱԣɣЩԵظҧԼβ͡
ϺԼԼϵͳľҧԼβ͡൱ڵ
¿ʼһ̫ѭӰһεİڶ

⿴˲⣬һȶĵǷǳġ
õʶ˶ƺһĻϵ
ͳеأӦòһɻֵġ⡱Ϊ
ǵá˶ʵǶõĽ
ʵֹˣӼۣ˶Ӧǲɻֵġ
ǲѾˣ򵥵⣬Ӧóֻ磿

ҺԿָ̫ÿ𣬿һԿ¶Ī-
ŵ-ĦKAMĶ˶ڿ¶Ī 
1954꿪ʼ
ĹӼعĹ⹤ 
1960ͬ°
ŵ¼ԷչĦJrgenMoserͬʱȺڵ¹Ƶ
ͬһǵо֤ˣӼϵͳȫ
ȫ֮һн

Ϊ밵򣬿ԴڼһԺ
ﵽǵ˶ģУϾһ
ǵССΪ㶯϶
ǱתΪԣһ򵥵ռФӰڵĻ
ıһӵФѾġëסĻ


 
KAMⲻһС㶯ڲֵĲ֣ͬ


òͬЩԾǹģͺδ㶯ǰһЩ
־ͳ˺ܲġΪǰߵĳʼСԾɱ
ֹڱȽϼ򵥵ıպϻ棬ߵСϸľͼ.. 33ʾ
һ򻯹ӡ൱ȶ˶൱֮û
ײ൱徭ײá
Фһģÿһ˲ͬĲ֡һܸ
ر˴˲š

òͬЩԾǹģͺδ㶯ǰһЩ
־ͳ˺ܲġΪǰߵĳʼСԾɱ
ֹڱȽϼ򵥵ıպϻ棬ߵСϸľͼ.. 33ʾ
һ򻯹ӡ൱ȶ˶൱֮û
ײ൱徭ײá
Фһģÿһ˲ͬĲ֡һܸ
ر˴˲š

಻֧ͬŲӦηֳɹ޹
򡣼迪ʼ㶯Сϵͳǽ۲
һνԾǨҪǺܹ˶ҪǺܲ
˶ԭǣԽײԽлƻƽĹ˶
⣬㶯ĳֵеĶѧ˶ͬһԵ
ʣҪɻʽ˶

ѧѧ.. KAMϢԺ󣬶ǳ˷ܣ
ΪΪ֤˶ȶδǰһ
˶ǲȶģôһǾͻһص
ԨҲûгֹʹˣеĻΪ
Ҳʲô桰ڹԡˡֹڶ
ǿԷչ˼Լʱ䣩ãû
ֹţٿѧҲͳελ

ͼ.. 34 KAMѧڶս[¼ԡP.C.W.
Davies༩иصĵͼ.. 12.14]

.. KAMԤԣռĳЩ˶޹ģ̫ϵ
ǵȷҵһЩӡ״ǵǣ˶
ʽ˶ΧǵĹǹģͬʱء
ԤشһڵϴһڤǵĹҲ
ƵΪľ֮СǴеĿ϶綯ѧҲ˽
͡

ҹѧѰʱͷˣ KAMէȥǺ
¡ǲŸΪܰʱڶѧȶԺԵ
ϣKAMң˵ϵͳռĳЩֳּ򵥡
ʱԵΪʱ֮ռһЩֳһؿ


ȻҪļģ⹤رǹҵѧԺ
ĸģڡĿִ󡱵¡
гڳ׷ӵĺ۲ǿ϶ġйڹ
˶мᱻûʱKAMʧȥãԡ
ԡӶٴһСȻӦ˵Щû
ϸѧ֤ʱֿ֮н
Լľճ塢¼ڻѩˣ
Ĳϣоʱļͷ

ȻҪļģ⹤رǹҵѧԺ
ĸģڡĿִ󡱵¡
гڳ׷ӵĺ۲ǿ϶ġйڹ
˶мᱻûʱKAMʧȥãԡ
ԡӶٴһСȻӦ˵Щû
ϸѧ֤ʱֿ֮н
Լľճ塢¼ڻѩˣ
Ĳϣоʱļͷ

ۻ

ѧеĻֻʶᵽ
У˶̵֮Ĳ߽еġѧҹ
Jacques Hadamardĩ֤ˣһΪϣ
˶Ǹ߶Ȳȶġ˺֤˶һ.. K
ĳЩѧϣֲ֤˶ǵȷģЩ
пԽʱĹ⣬۲䳡
֣Ҳ.. KʣҲ
Ĳԡ໥õĳУ֤綯ѧء
ѧĴڣ£޴𰸡

벻

ΪֹǵǣţٵĹ۵΢۲
ϵ¼ʱԻԺʽ̨ǽ֤ݣ
۹˵Ҫȷ΢ʣѧԣ


ѡˣӦ跨ѲԵ۽
ϡþ֮

ѡˣӦ跨ѲԵ۽
ϡþ֮

ܶ˵ŬСϵͳУǣ
ûҵƵдһǿʽӼ
عйأ˵޵ġϵͳѦ̵
èװãԵġǶҪػطѦ̵èԶ
ڼȻ״̬֮Сѧƺûһƽ
ĵͨ;ȻֻҪϴھо޴Ŀӵĺ壬
԰һѧ취ǲѧޣ񾭵ѧ
ġɻֵӼϵͳĴһȻͬ
ֻڿǺϵͳǿ΢ϵͳʱ򣬲Բſ
֡

ѧҪ֮һ۵Ĳ⣬һ
ΪҪȻѧʵӦѳɹǶӦ
п֮Ϊ¼ʵзڲʱ
̮ʱϢδȡѴ
ѧ΢۲ǷǳɹģôڴСЩʲô

John BellŷģCERNһλ
ѧѧ̵˼ȡĵء̬ȡ
ΪѧԵĺǻڽǵ
ѧǺǰ..ȡõĳɹǼΪ˵ġ˵
βģѵҪҾǲΪˡ
ڰŵͣĵ˵ˡ

һϲ΢ҲͲΡǴ
µóĽǣѧԼʱ
۲ġѿѦ̵è˵
Сʵʡáֻè״̬
ԴΣ£羿ӦλΪǿԵ
ǷǿԵϵͳͨеѧҪһ֣
λ֡


˵ѵ粨һֱڵһϸ
ĳ֣ȻԾǨ̮öһֱһ
ʸġвʿѧλĹ۲ߣ۲ǽֻ
뻯ʵҹ̣ǲǾ͵óϣÿʱ̣ÿ
طڽвġ̣һѵĳ
ʱûԾǨġѦ̷õģ

˵ѵ粨һֱڵһϸ
ĳ֣ȻԾǨ̮öһֱһ
ʸġвʿѧλĹ۲ߣ۲ǽֻ
뻯ʵҹ̣ǲǾ͵óϣÿʱ̣ÿ
طڽвġ̣һѵĳ
ʱûԾǨġѦ̷õģ

Ժܸѧڶ
ɴӿʼͰȥҽ˲̡Ȼǿ
һײ걸ۣĵӶɺͲѧԾ
ĳⷽʽġͬⱴĿⷽĳЩ
ʩԴ֣۲·ǣ浽ĳԾԾ
ʹǾȡΣѧȡⷽ棬
Ϊһڸĳ̶ϣڲṹпԿ
ĩˡһѡҲ˹Ĳ룬
һġδеʱǲԳƵģṩ
ġ׵ʶ¡һۣɹõ
е㣬˵ѧڶɣͲ̮
δ

ʱ뱪

ǰεõϵĻơճξۺϵ
̣к壿Щʱͷķԡ˶̣ǵĶ
ѧԴʲô

ѧɹЩ̡аᵽĲ
̣ճԡɢȴ̡Ϥ
Ĳ̡ɢʴӸܶܶ
ƵأճһҺĦĦе


еܺɢΪܣ൱ڷӵ˶

еܺɢΪܣ൱ڷӵ˶

һǡ˶ɷ֣ϵͳĳݻеѧƽ
̬;һǡ˶ɷ֣ʼʼԺ󲻾
ĶΪΪݻʧǻ̫Ϊ
λ֣ĸʱ̷ӾͲǵóʼˣʱ֮
Ӱ֮±ƽ̬ˡԴ⣬ԾоڽСѧ
ȶԣ磩һҪġмǿ϶ģΪܴ΢
ѧ˶ɷֵĽһ߶Եġʱ䲻ԳƵ
̡ڽ¶ͳѧеʱͷ

Ƕѧ԰أĶʹµĺϵ˶̿ϵͳ
һͬ󡣰˾ţRaduBalescuϱ
õ.. CEA-ŷԭЭ˹루JHMisguich
оVladimirShkarkaͱ֮һ
Ὣ˷չоݻϵͳһʱб仯
ڳ֧䣬ɼĵų̽ɿؾ۱䷢һ
ȤĿ⣬Ϊ߾ǰɵԭɵĵ
һų棬ϣɵԭӺ˱˴ײӶͷŴĺ
ܡֵʱݻ÷˶̾ȷ
Щ̿Ƕѧֶεó⣬ڿռʱ䶼仯ĵų
֮£ضݻķ̣Ҳͬһֶ
⡣

ڱ۵ķѲ˶̴ѧƵŬ
У˵³Сǹ¾ܶǾʹˡҲͼùһ
Щͬ΢۵ġ͹۵ķݴѧһλѧ
Oscar E Lanford .. 1975ԲΪֹ
ѧƵǣֻ֤ƵֻںܶʱЧ
ԤӦϡĳΪһЩ˷չ


ڡꡱķЩаĽڴѧ˹ҶHerbertSpohnЩµķͬȱ㡣Щֶεŵ
Ǹ߶ȵѧϸԣûв³СչôĿ
ѧݡ

ڡꡱķЩаĽڴѧ˹ҶHerbertSpohnЩµķͬȱ㡣Щֶεŵ
Ǹ߶ȵѧϸԣûв³СչôĿ
ѧݡ

ؿ¼ش¼ʱ䡢汾
ĵ޿ɱһ¼¼
УصĲɽѵؽһǲġأ
½ڣ˹ѷ.. 1965귢ֵȫ
΢䣬Ǵըһżɵܹ
ϡࡱɣ鲼ȫ棬һḻԴ

ϧǣزܸ߶Ƚṹİ˹̹
̹ҹЩֻ̣޷شӺζ
ѾġģĴΪ취
ĶӲãôȻڣβģ

ȸEdgar G nzigŦG hniau߽.. 1987
Դһܲ⣬ȴ𰸽
һЩѧҵ뷨֮ϣаȸ⣬вأRobertBroutͶնأFran oisEnglertǵУ
ۡ

һǵĿʱһеģƽֱ
ġݰ˹̹Ľͣʱûʹʱɭ
Ĳȷԭڶڼڿѽ档ݰ
˹̹-ϵʣԺڶʽ
ʱյҲνӡޡǵõ൱
Сˣ㣬Ϊ
ǸģͲģǡõ

ǰͼԭӷӵڶʱǿ
ͶѧȶЩѧݡĽ
ǣƽֱɿɷ˹ʱյĲȶ벻Ԥԣ
³ʵĴѣ³ԡ
γɵḺ́Ϊѧ߶ϲģҺеؾ
ԭʼ̲ġʱĵǱΪһ޿ɱĵ
̡ʱ֮ձ֡

Ϊ洴Ժ󣬾һǡͽ׶Σʱ
ȻתǽϤʷ塣ģ


һ˼صǣٴοʱ˫Ŀ
ظΪǿŵģҲ˵ûгֵ
ʰ򡰴̮ҪһֱȥеܶȽҪ
Ϊϡ൱һƽֱʱգⳡϷҪ
ڴ÷ǳǳĳ߶ϡⱾһǿʱ
˫ʣױȴĳ߶ϣȻҲܴڡ


ھδ̽

ھδ̽

߽⣿⽫ʹǶʱһ

ʶ

߽
ʵ浽Ȼ

ͼʱ֮ŬУȻ⡣ܶ
ĽȡڸѧȻΪ󵨵Ķֱأ
ǿܻᵼ½켸û󵽵µĸ

ѾΪⲻһٶ꣺νġ
ȥͽ⵽ʧܡȻЩ۸Ƕ
ǿ󶴲Ƕͬһ磬͸ǣ
Ժʱ֮жôҪ

ĵҲΪʱ֤֤֮ͬģĳ
 
Kӵ˥䣻Ⲩǹȥƫϡȴ
͸õԼݻĶֶĲԳԡֻһ
ܷһϺ߼Ķ¼ĳſԳ


һϵ˷ܵĿԣΪֻ˲
ԣŻŻͼã
෴֪Կ԰ʾʱ
Ϳռп仯ǧͼִҲǵһ
Щʱִʻ㣬硰ɢṹ֯硱ԡ
ȵȵĺ̨ӽĹ۵ܰѲԱΪһ࣬
ΪΧȻдڵĶѧȶԡ

ѾģȫָԵĹؼǴԶ
ѧһѧ֧ӦýѳˡӲѧķΧ
أҲһĻ緽棨ȻҲͬʱܵⲿ
صֲþԤһħѧ

ͶҲγ˳ʱ֮ͼ񣺴ȺǨƵ
еͷܶЩԿǿŵĺ͸߶ȷԵĶ
ѧϵͳдŷ;ѧѾʼѰң
ѧӦе֯ͻ磬Ͷгֵġ
ҡñĶԱȡ

Ԥµоᵼʲôѧ


ѧ֮ĿѧƵĽо˫档һ棬ѧ
ҽ˽йʵеԣһ棬ѧ
μңѧ棺ֺġ
ʽĽҪá

ѧ֮ĿѧƵĽо˫档һ棬ѧ
ҽ˽йʵеԣһ棬ѧ
μңѧ棺ֺġ
ʽĽҪá

Զѧͷƽ̬ѧȡõĳɹѾ˶ʮ
͵ĿѧҶʱһۡԷ
ǱѧܹԵʱ䣬Ҳܹѭʱ䡣
ʱָ֮ѧƽʱһĿĵؼĹ֮
УܳظԵı֣绯ѧɫ仯ճͳ
һһĻѧϢ˵ҲѾ֣Щ
Էаͻߵ䷽ڻѧͬһѧ
ĺ޹ɫ仯粻Ǳģ
֯һֲعصʽ

ѧӲֻġͷ׵ʵ顣ѧҲʾǣ
ȻϵͳγɳͷչġԹ켣ϡ̥
͸ãǵϸкеĻѧӣ͵صһϵά
ѭЩѧӵѧ֧ʱ֮
Ұ䷽

Ѿһת۵㡣ԭӺͷӵĳȥ
ͼƵѩ˺ʹ깫ţĺеɣΪʲô
֮ΪʲôȥǵĸоǵģԼʫǧ
һУǵеĻʵҪС
з֣ҪԭӺͷӵľ޴󼯺ϵı仯з֣
ѧڶ

һ󵨵ĳĿԽǵռͼ
ʱѿⲽԽûġǱ򵥵ġ
桱βͲΪһֻڶİڴռ
ͼԵ޶ΪϵһЩӣٸʱŵټʱ
ֻҪǿӵϵͳǾͿԵóȫͬĽ
ڽֻ̨ѧ־ͱ˲ȶڲ
ԤǵΪռͼճһſԣѿ


룬ɢ̽ĿԡʱӦ
ë

룬ɢ̽ĿԡʱӦ
ë

ЩڸԵ뷨Ҫʹͳѧߵѧ
ڶɣ޴ĿķӵΪǻʵʵһ֡
壬ͼ΢۳ɷֵΪ磬Ч
ġΪʱ֮һֻþǵӦһ£ЩʱԳ
ġǷǽơǻþǿϾֻڼ
򵥵ϵ

ʱļͷĳضĳȳ߶ϳֿ֣ǲ
ٹˡǿԿʱ֮︴ӻĹнʾ
ԼֻھԼ򵥵̶ϣȻǸԡ

һʲôأڳһµҰ̽Ϊ
߽˵ԲǶԶѧɵĳָӽƣǰ
ѧһΪӴʽϵ֮СӦǣ֪
΢˷ġԲΪʹҪ
漰һԤȴڣʹ۾һ塣ң
Ҳᵽһѧ͹ߵĸһۣ
ʱ䲻ԳƵġԶѾӽԴȻ˽ľ
ͷĳЩѧʹŵҲһո
µĴõڴʱҪģǱԵġ

ǰѧӵɵĹ۵㡣ǹᴩѧ
֮УѾҪΪһǣ˲
һָΪۺϵĹ۵㡣зգAlvinTofflerۣ
߶ȷչļ֮һǷֽǵС
ɵԪǾڴ˵Ϊ˶ֵǳǰЩ
֦ƬƴϻȥҪһµۣܹʹǶʱ֮
⡣ӹᴩڴʼյǿؿµ
ӦܹЩʲôӦӻƻ˹̹۵
㡣ӦйزֶõۡӦյ
ʱСıɱԼ׶ڶʱ䷴ݣǷǷģ
ۺͻ֤Чġ


õ޷Ľǣڹǿǳ򵥵Ļ
뻯ģͣʹѧõĴͳʹڽճ
Ҳ̫ˡǱʶʵԣһ
Եĸ¡

õ޷Ľǣڹǿǳ򵥵Ļ
뻯ģͣʹѧõĴͳʹڽճ
Ҳ̫ˡǱʶʵԣһ
Եĸ¡


 
