好多文章,我一个人翻译不完
In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment
M. Fulchignoni(1,2), F. Ferri(3), F. Angrilli(3), A. J. Ball(4), A. Bar-Nun(5), M. A. Barucci(1), C. Bettanini(3), G. Bianchini(3), W. Borucki(6), G. Colombatti(3), M. Coradini(7), A. Coustenis(1), S. Debei(3), P. Falkner(8), G. Fanti(3), E. Flamini(9), V. Gaborit(1), R. Grard(8), M. Hamelin(10,11), A. M. Harri(12), B. Hathi(4), I. Jernej(13), M. R. Leese(4), A. Lehto(12), P. F. Lion Stoppato(3), J. J. López-Moreno(14), T. Mäkinen(12), J. A. M. McDonnell(4), C. P. McKay(6), G. Molina-Cuberos(15), F. M. Neubauer(16), V. Pirronello(17), R. Rodrigo(14), B. Saggin(18), K. Schwingenschuh(13), A. Seiff(20), F. Simões(10), H. Svedhem(8), T. Tokano(16), M. C. Towner(4), R. Trautner(8), P. Withers(4,19) and J. C. Zarnecki(4)
Abstract
On the basis of previous ground-based and fly-by information, we knew that Titan's atmosphere was mainly nitrogen, with some methane, but its temperature and pressure profiles were poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the detailed composition. The extent of atmospheric electricity ('lightning') was also hitherto unknown. Here we report the temperature and density profiles, as determined by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), from an altitude of 1,400 km down to the surface. In the upper part of the atmosphere, the temperature and density were both higher than expected. There is a lower ionospheric layer between 140 km and 40 km, with electrical conductivity peaking near 60 km. We may also have seen the signature of lightning. At the surface, the temperature was 93.65 0.25 K, and the pressure was 1,467 1 hPa.
1. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, 5 Place Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
2. Université Denis Diderot – Paris 7, UFR de Physique, 2 Place Jussieu, 75006 Paris, France
3. CISAS "G. Colombo", Università di Padova, Via Venezia 15, 35131 Padova, Italy
4. PSSRI, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
5. Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Tel Aviv, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
6. NASA/AMES Research Center, MS 244-30, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
7. ESA Headquarters, Science Directorate, 8-10 rue Mario-Nikis, 75015 Paris, France
8. ESA-ESTEC, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
9. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy
10. CETP-IPSL, 4 Avenue de Neptune, 94107 Saint Maur, France
11. LPCE-CNRS, 3A, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
12. Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Vuorikatu 15 A 00100 Helsinki, Finland
13. Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
14. Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC), PO Box 3004, 18080 Granada, Spain
15. Applied Electromagnetic Group, Department of Physics, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
16. Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, Universität zu Köln, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Köln, Germany
17. DMFCI, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
18. Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
19. Center for Space Physics, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
20. ‡Deceased
Correspondence to: F. Ferri3 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to F.F. (Email: francesca.ferri@unipd.it).
那位高手告诉我situ测量是?
在situ 测量中泰坦环境的物理特性
M. Fulchignoni(1,2) , F. Ferri (3) , F. Angrilli(3) , A. J. Ball (4) , A. Bar-Nun (5) , M. A. Barucci(1) , C. Bettanini(3) , G. Bianchini(3) , W. Borucki(6) , G. Colombatti(3) , M. Coradini(7) , A. Coustenis(1) , S. Debei(3) , P. Falkner(8),G. Fanti(3) , E. Flamini(9),V. Gaborit(1),R. Grard(8),M. Hamelin(10,11),A. M. Harri(12),B. Hathi(4),I. Jernej(13),M. R. Leese(4),A. Lehto(12),P. F. Lion Stoppato(3),J. J. L ó pez-Moreno(14),T. M?kinen(12),J. A. M. McDonnell(4),C. P. McKay(6),G. Molina-Cuberos(15),F. M. Neubauer(16),V. Pirronello(17),R. Rodrigo(14),B. Saggin(1,K. Schwingenschuh(13),A. Seiff(20),F. Sim?es(10),H. Svedhem(8),T. Tokano(16),M. C. Towner (4), R. Trautner(8),P. Withers (4,19) 和 J. C. Zarnecki(4)
摘要
以较早的地面基地观测的和飞行的数据为基础, 我们知道了泰坦主要的大气成分是氮,还有一些甲烷,但是它的温度和压力描述很少,这是因为没有详细的确定的有力资料。 大气的电 ('闪电') 的范围迄今也是未知的。这文章里我们报告了温度和密度的大概范围,这是使用惠更斯探测 大气结构的工具 (HASI) 所探知的,测量范围是从 1,400 km 的高度到泰坦表面。 在大气的上面部份,温度和密度中两者都比预期的高。 在 140 km 和 40 km 之间有密度比较低的电离层 层,她的导电性在靠近 60 km 到达最高。 我们该能看到闪电的信号。 在泰坦表面,温度是 93.65(+-) 0.25 K ,而且压力是 1,467(+-) 1 hPa 。 |
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