Spitzer090610：银河系核心区终于发现恒星婴儿

最近时间紧，发帖的时效性比较差，大家原谅一下哦。本题是6.10公布的，我到了今天APOD都刊载了才发，实在有点迟。当然，论坛最近持续很慢，这样大家看图可能会不方便。
我将尽量采用链接大图的方式。本文来源：

http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2009-13/index.shtml

Baby Stars Finally Found in Jumbled Galactic Center
在混乱的银河系核心区发现了恒星婴儿

从最后的文字看，这些早期恒星应该还处于引力收缩阶段，因为外层气壳中有相当宽的干冰谱线。随着恒星温度升高，干冰应该早就不存在了吧，最后CO[sub]2[/sub]也将不存在，但CO还能存在较长时间，直到数千度的高温。

Baby Stars Finally Found in Jumbled Galactic Center

Astronomers have at last uncovered newborn stars at the frenzied center of our Milky Way galaxy. The discovery was made using the infrared vision of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
最近，天文学家宣布在狂乱的银河系核心区域，他们发现了新诞生的恒星婴儿。这个发现是由美国宇航局的Spitzer太空望远镜在红外波段完成的。

http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2009-13/ssc2009-13a.shtml

Baby Stars in Galactic Rat's Nest
银河系鼠窝中的红皮鼠

                               
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This infrared image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows three baby stars in the bustling center of our Milky Way galaxy. The three stars are the first to be discovered in the region -- previous attempts to find them were unsuccessful because there is so much dust standing between us and our galaxy's core. Spitzer was able to find the newborns with its sharp infrared eyes, which can cut through dust.
这张由Spitzer太空望远镜获得的红外图像呈现了在我们银河系熙熙攘攘的核心区域，有3颗新的恒星婴儿诞生。这3颗恒星是该区域首次发现的恒星婴儿，先前的探测由于横亘在我们和核心之间的银道面上极厚的尘埃而全部失败了。而斯皮策卫星具有能穿透尘埃的极为锐利的红外眼睛。（我们要感谢这层极为密集的尘埃，这样我们就无需暴露在银河核心区的强大高能辐射下了）
The center of our galaxy is a hectic place. It's stuffed with stars,gas and dust. Astronomers have long wondered how stars can form in such chaotic circumstances. While they have known that stars are born there,they weren't able to see the stars forming until now. Astronomers plan to search for more newborn stars in the region, and ultimately learn more about stellar births at the center of the Milky Way.
我们银河系的核心是一个忙乱的所在，它充斥着恒星、气体和尘埃。长久以来，天文学家一直对如此混乱环境中恒星如何诞生很感兴趣。虽然他们知道有恒星在那里诞生，但一直无法观测到。天文学家计划在该区域搜索更多的恒星婴儿，从而对银河系核心区的恒星形成情况有更多的了解。

图像版权声明

About the Object (1)
Object name:	Galatic Center
Object type:	Star Forming Region
About the Data
Spitzer Data
Image Credit:	S. V. Ramirez (NExScI/Caltech), D. An (IPAC/Caltech), K. Sellgren (OSU)
Release Date:	2009/06/10

Additional Info
Press Release:	Baby Stars Finally Found in Jumbled Galactic Center

上一楼的翻译和大图下载链接
http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2009-13a.jpg   6.9MB

http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2009-13a.tif    11.7MB  这个tif文件是for Mac的，我没下载过。

Object name:Galatic Center
对象名称：银河系核心
Object type:Star Forming Region
对象类型：恒星诞生区域

About the Data:   Spitzer Data      
关于数据：斯皮策太空望远镜的数据
Image Credit:S. V. Ramirez (NExScI/Caltech), D. An (IPAC/Caltech), K. Sellgren (OSU)
图像创建：加州理工学院 美国宇航局太阳系外行星科学研究所（NExScI）的S. V. Ramirez 和红外处理和分析中心的D. An，以及俄亥俄州立大学的K. Sellgren


Release Date:2009/06/10
新闻发表日期：2009.06.10

Additional Info        额外信息

Press Release:Baby Stars Finally Found in Jumbled Galactic Center
新闻标题：在狂乱的银河系核心区终于发现了恒星婴儿

http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2009-13/release.shtml

Baby Stars Finally Found in Jumbled Galactic CenterFor
Release: June 10, 2009
忙乱的银河系核心终于发现了恒星婴儿
发布时间：2009.06.10
PASADENA, Calif. — Astronomers have at last uncovered newborn stars at the frenzied center of our Milky Way galaxy. The discovery was made using the infrared vision of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
加利福尼亚州（洛杉矶地区）帕萨迪纳市，天文学家宣布在忙乱的银河系核心区域发现了新诞生的恒星婴儿。这个发现是由美国宇航局的Spitzer太空望远镜在红外波段完成的。
The heart of our spiral galaxy is cluttered with stars, dust and gas, and at its very center, a supermassive black hole. Conditions there are harsh, with fierce stellar winds, powerful shock waves and other factors that make it difficult for stars to form. Astronomers have known that stars can form in this chaotic place, but they're baffled as to how this occurs. Confounding the problem is all the dust standing between us and the center of our galaxy. Until now, nobody had been able to definitively locate any baby stars.
我们棒旋星系的核心塞满了恒星、气体和尘埃，而它的最中心是一个超级黑洞。充斥那里的是强烈的恒星风、剧烈的冲击波和其他严苛的环境，反正对恒星诞生非常不利。天文学家后来知道恒星能在这种混乱环境中诞生，但他们的观测存在障碍——横亘在我们与银心间的大量尘埃使我们无法观测恒星形成过程，使答案变得模糊不清。在本文发表前，还没人能够准确指出这些银河核心区的恒星婴儿在哪里。
"These stars are like needles in a haystack," said Solange Ramirez,the principal investigator of the research program at NASA's Exoplanet Science Institute at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena."There's no way to find them using optical light, because dust gets in the way. We needed Spitzer's infrared instruments to cut through the dust and narrow in on the objects."
位于帕萨迪纳市加州理工学院的美国宇航局太阳系外行星科学研究所内，本研究项目的主调研员索朗. 拉米雷斯说： “这些恒星好似草堆中的细针，我们无法从可见光区域看到它们，因为视线方向存在（浓密的）尘埃。我们需要斯皮策的红外仪器穿透尘埃迷雾，聚焦在目标上”。
The team plans to look for additional baby stars in the future, and ultimately to piece together what types of conditions allow stars to form in such an inhospitable environment as our galaxy's core.
研究团队计划将来寻找更多的恒星婴儿，最后总结出在类似我们星系核心这样不友好的环境下，什么样的情景还能形成恒星。
"By studying individual stars in the galactic center, we can better understand how stars are formed in different interstellar environments," said Deokkeun An of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech, lead author of a paper submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. "The Milky Way galaxy is just one of more than hundreds of billions of galaxies in the visible universe. However,our galaxy is so special because we can take a closer look at its individual stellar components." An started working on this program while a graduate student at Ohio State University, Columbus, under the leadership of Ohio State astronomer Kris Sellgren, the co-investigator on the project.
“通过研究银河系核心的单个恒星，我们能够更好的了解在不同的星际环境中能产生哪类恒星”，加州理工学院红外处理和分析中心的Deokkeun An说，他也是提交给《天体物理学》期刊上发表的本文的首席作者。“银河系仅是我们可见宇宙中数千亿个星系之一。然而，我们银河系十分特殊，因为我们就在它里面，能够就近观测它的单个恒星的组分。”由本项目的合作研究者、俄亥俄州天文学家克里斯.Sellgren带领的一个由哥伦布市俄亥俄州立大学的研究生团队开始了这项研究工作。
The core of the Milky Way is a mysterious place about 600light-years across (light would take 600 years to travel from one end to the other). While this is just a fraction of the size of the entire Milky Way, which is about 100,000 light-years across, the core is stuffed with 10 percent of all the gas in the galaxy — and loads and loads of stars.
银河系核心是个600光年直径的谜一样的区域（光从一端到另一端需600年）。虽然它仅是直径约10万光年的整个银河系极小的一部分，却集中了整个星系中10%的气体和极多的恒星。

PS：原文说银河系是涡旋星系，显然作者是写习惯了。我们知道，前年起Spitzer的一系列发现表明，银河系是棒旋星系。
“这些恒星好似草堆中的细针”——好熟悉的话啊，ESO宣布在M87的外晕中找到了行星状星云也是这句话，看来洋人不知道我们常说的一句成语：大海捞针。
Solan：塘鹅   ——gohomeman1译注

http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2009-13/release.shtml

上段继续
Before now, there were only a few clues that stars can form in the galaxy's core. Astronomers had found clusters of massive adolescent stars, in addition to clouds of charged gas — a sign that new stars are beginning to ignite and ionize surrounding gas. Past attempts had been unsuccessful in finding newborn stars, or as astronomers call them,young stellar objects.
迄今为止，仅有少数的证据证明星系核心区能够形成恒星。天文学家不得不寻找由大质量年轻恒星组成的星团激发的电离气体云——这是早期恒星开始燃烧、辐射并电离周围气体的信号。过往（在星系核心）寻找新生恒星（天文学家成为早期恒星天体）的尝试都失败了。

                               
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Ramirez and colleagues began their search by scanning large Spitzer mosaics of our galactic center. They narrowed in on more than 100 candidates, but needed more detailed data to confirm the stars' identities. Young stellar objects, when viewed from far away, can look a lot like much older stars. Both types of stars are very dusty, and the dust lying between us and them obscures the view even further.
拉米雷斯和他的同事们通过仔细搜索斯皮策卫星望远镜对银河系核心的巨大合成照片开始他们的工作。他们聚焦在100多个候选者中，但还需要更详细的数据来确认这些恒星的身份。当我们从相当远的地方观测时，早期恒星体与非常老年的恒星会很相似的：它们都充满了尘埃，而隔在我们视线上的尘埃云使之更模糊不清了。
To sort through the confusion, the astronomers looked at their candidate stars with Spitzer's spectrograph - an instrument that break slight apart to reveal its rainbow-like array of infrared colors.Molecules around stars leave imprints in their light, which the spectrograph can detect.
要在这些候选者中厘清混淆，天文学家求助于斯皮策太空望远镜的摄谱仪——一种能把红外光折射散开为各种红外“颜色”光谱线的仪器，就像白光散开为彩虹各色一样。恒星中的分子会在光谱中留下特殊标识，通过摄谱仪就能识别。
The results revealed three stars with clear signs of youth, for example, certain warm, dense gases. These youthful features are found in other places in the galaxy where stars are being formed.
观测结果显示有3个恒星显示出清晰的早期恒星特征：比如具有温暖、密集的气体。这些年轻恒星的特征也可在星系的其他恒星形成区域发现。
"It is amazing to me that we have found these stars," said Ramirez."The galactic center is a very interesting place. It has young stars,old stars, black holes, everything. We started mining a catalog of about 1 million sources and managed to find three young stars — stars that will help reveal the secrets at the core of the Milky Way."
“能发现这些恒星真令人惊喜，”拉米雷斯说。“银河系核心是个非常有趣的所在，它有早期恒星、老年恒星、黑洞，等等各种天体。我们在大约1百万个天体源中掘宝，并从中设法找到了3个早期恒星——这3个恒星暴露了银河系核心的又一隐私。”（确实是大海捞针啊，幸亏第一波从100万缩到100个是软件实现的，但第二波可得一个个手工操作了——gohomeman1）
The young stellar objects are all less than about 1 million years old. They are embedded in cocoons of gas and dust, which will eventually flatten to disks that, according to theory, later lump together to form planets.
早期恒星体的年龄都不到100万年。它们深嵌在尘埃和气体茧中，根据当前的理论，这些茧最终将变成环绕恒星的星云盘并聚集形成行星。
Other collaborators include Richard Arendt of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.; A. C. Adwin Boogert of NASA's Herschel Science Center, Caltech in Pasadena; Mathias Schultheis of the Besancon Observatory in France; Susan Stolovy of NASA's Spitzer Science Center,Caltech in Pasadena; Angela Cotera of SETI Institute, Mountain View,Calif.; and Thomas Robitaille and Howard Smith of Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass.
本文的合作者包括：马里兰州“绿化带”市美国宇航局戈达德航天中心的理查德.阿伦特，加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳市美国宇航局赫歇尔科学中心的 A. C.埃德温.布哥特，法国贝桑松天文台的马提亚斯. 舒尔瑟斯，加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳市美国宇航局斯皮策科学中心的苏珊.Stolovy，加利福尼亚州山景城的搜寻地外文明学会的安琪拉.Cotera，马萨诸塞州坎布里奇市 哈佛大学哈佛.史密森天体物理中心的托马斯.罗比泰和霍华德.史密斯等。

Whitney Clavin
惠特尼.卡尔文
818-354-4673
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
加利福尼亚州 帕萨迪纳市 喷气推进实验室
whitney.clavin@jpl.nasa.gov
ssc2009-13
jpl2009-097

PS：又是够囧的名字，Booger是鼻屎的意思哦。——gohomeman1

我个人观点是不尽信。因为斯必泽望远镜在隔山打牛，越近黑洞什么事都有。也许是老恒星被扯裂。

我个人观点是不尽信。因为斯必泽望远镜在隔山打牛，越近黑洞什么事都有。也许是老恒星被扯裂。
北回归线 发表于 2009-6-14 18:34

                               
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这个应该相信的。我还没翻译完呢，还有一张图没贴呢。

http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2009-13/ssc2009-13b.shtml

本文的另一个图，说明早期恒星附近气体云光谱的。
Telltale Signs of Stellar Youth
透露早期恒星信息的光谱信号

These data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope reveal a newborn star at the center of our Milky Way. Our galaxy's core is a frenzied place, and identifying baby stars there has been difficult. Dust standing between us and the core blocks visible light, but infrared light, as detectedby Spitzer, can get through.
本图数据来自斯皮策太空望远镜，显示了我们银河系核心一颗早期恒星的光谱。银心是一个混乱的区域，从中辨识出早期恒星很难。横亘在我们和银心间的尘埃遮蔽了可见光，但红外线能够穿透它们并被斯皮策观测到。
To definitively identify newborn stars, astronomers used Spitzer's spectrograph to break starlight up into its basic infrared components.The resulting data, called as spectrum, are shown here for a singlestar, with signatures of key molecules labeled. Acetylene, hydrogen cyanide and carbon dioxide are all gases known to be associated with newborn stars in other parts of our galaxy. They are produced when young stars heat up gas in their outer envelope. The broad dry ice feature is also characteristic of newborn stars. Spitzer found results for two other stars whose data are not shown here.
为最终辨识出早期恒星，天文学家通过斯皮策的摄谱仪把红外星光分解为光谱。图中的光谱线显示了各种分子的特征谱线。乙炔C[sub]2[/sub]H[sub]2[/sub]、氰化氢HCN、二氧化碳CO[sub]2[/sub]线是辨识早期恒星光谱的特征线，在星系的其他恒星形成区都能观测到。当早期恒星的辐射开始加热它们的外壳气体时，就会产生这些分子。宽阔的CO[sub]2[/sub]干冰谱线更是早期恒星特有的。斯皮策发现的另外2个早期恒星谱线没有在此处显示。

论坛实在太慢了，我估计一时半会快不了了。

本文完成，本来想上传一些银河系核心区的红位图的，由于图太大，论坛又慢，暂时就算了。
今天的APOD就是银河核心的红位图之一，http://www.astronomy.com.cn/bbs/thread-113126-1-1.html，当然速度不是一般的慢。
我上传一个小图吧。

天天逛论坛，天天有沙发做