本帖最后由 人与自然 于 2012-5-19 18:34 编辑
原帖：《纽约时报》报业集团《波士顿环球》旗下之世界顶尖图片新闻网站”波士顿大图网“Nyiragongo Crater: Journey to the Center of the World ”
尼拉贡戈火山（Nyiragongo），详见维基百科：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo
是刚果民主共和国境内的火山之一，地处东非大裂谷，毗邻乌干达和卢旺达，属维龙加火山群的一员，位于北基伍省省会戈马以北19公里，是非洲最危险的火山之一。其主火山口深250米，阔2公里，拥有世界上少见的熔岩湖。不同时期，熔岩湖的海拔差别很大。1977年1月喷发前的熔岩湖，其海拔达约3250米（10,700英尺）的最高记录，其深度也达约600米（2000英尺）。现在熔岩湖的海拔则非常低，约2700米（8800英尺）。尼拉贡戈火山和附近的尼亚穆拉吉拉火山爆发次数占非洲历史上火山喷发次数总量的40％。
地理位置（图中红点处）
刚果在非洲的地理位置
In June 2010, a team of scientists and intrepid explorers stepped onto the shore of the lava lake boiling in the depths of Nyiragongo Crater, in the heart of the Great Lakes region of Africa. The team had dreamed of this: walking on the shores of the world's largest lava lake. Members of the team had been dazzled since childhood by the images of the 1960 documentary "The Devil's Blast" by Haroun Tazieff, who was the first to reveal to the public the glowing red breakers crashing at the bottom of Nyiragongo crater. Photographer Olivier Grunewald was within a meter of the lake itself, giving us a unique glimpse of its molten matter. (The Big Picture featured Olivier Grunewald's arresting images of sulfur mining in Kawah Ijen volcano in East Java, Indonesia, in a December 2010 post.) -- Paula Nelson (28 photos total)
尼拉贡戈火山（Nyiragongo）是非洲最著名的火山之一，位于刚果（金）（全称：刚果民主共和国）以北基伍省省会戈马市（Goma）以北10公里处，即南纬1.52°，东经29°。<O< o 2010年6月，一支由数名科学家和勇敢畏惧的探险家组成的小队来到尼拉贡戈火山坑的熔岩湖畔，该处位于非洲大湖地区的中心，坑中的岩浆还在沸腾翻滚。在世界上规模最大的熔岩湖畔信步徜徉曾经是这支探险队梦寐以求的理想。探险队中的不少成员从孩提时代起就对哈龙·塔捷耶夫（Haroun Tazieff）于1960年拍摄的纪录片《魔鬼的高炉》心驰神往。这部片子第一次向世人展示了尼拉贡戈火山坑坑底熔岩烈火翻腾的壮丽景象。在本次考察活动中，摄影师奥利维尔·格鲁内瓦尔德深入火山坑内部，让我们分享了熔岩坑内别具一格的景象。
The view from the volcano’s rim, 11,380 feet above the ground. At 1,300 feet deep, the lava lake has created one of the wonders of the African continent.
这是从离地面11380英尺高度的火山边缘拍摄到的画面。深入地下1300英尺的熔岩湖成了大自然在非洲创造的众多奇迹之一。
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The permanent lava lake of the Nyiragongo is the biggest in the world, an estimated 282 million cubic feet of lava. In 1977 and 2002, the lava lake breached the crater, destroying a large part of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo. #
这座永久性的尼拉贡戈火山熔岩湖在世界上排名第一，据估计熔岩的体积高达2.82亿立方英尺。该熔岩湖分别于1977年和2002年溢出坑口，使刚果民主共和国的戈马市的很大一部分地区化为废墟。
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At the surface of the lake, bubbles of gas explode. The surface is permanently churned by fury from the earth's crust. #
熔岩湖的湖面上，时刻有涌出的气泡在发生爆炸，这些来自地壳深处的‘怒气’不停地在湖面肆意发作。
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Even though the lava lake often overflows, the seven members of the expedition yearn to walk its shores. c
虽然存在熔岩湖时刻泛滥溢出的危险，探险队的七名成员还是渴望有机会在它身边‘遛弯儿’。
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Mount Nyiragongo is the most active of the eight volcanoes forming the Virunga range. #
尼拉贡戈山是维龙加火山区八座火山中最活跃的部分。
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At the beginning of the descent to the second terrace, falling rocks are a major risk. The gas often blinds the climbers. #
在从顶部下降到第二台地的过程中，松动滑落的岩石对探险队员始终构成严重威胁。逸出的气体经常让登山者们迷失方向。
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The expedition members need to tote a total of 1,300 pounds of equipment, food, and water -- enough for two days. The base camp is set up about 400 feet above the lava lake. #
探险队成员携带了1300磅的物品，其中包括仪器设备和足够维持两天生活的食品与饮用水。他们的大本营设立在高出熔岩湖约400英尺以上的地方。
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To prepare for the expedition, members have undergone four months of training. #
为了准备这次远征，队员们进行了为期四个月的训练。
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Jacques Barthelemy, a mountaineer and veteran of Nyiragongo, uses a rope to bring bags of equipment to the second terrace. #
雅克圣·巴泰勒米正在用绳索把装着仪器设备的包裹转运到第二台地。他是一位对尼拉贡戈火山了如指掌的老登山家。
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Volcanic gases heat the base camp. Members often need to don gas masks for sleeping. #
火山热体烘烤着探索队的营地，队员们睡觉时经常需要佩戴防毒面具。
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Using a laser telemeter, a member measures the changing size of the lava lake. #
一位队员正在用激光测距仪检查熔岩湖规模的变化情况。
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Dario Tedesco, a volcanologist, collects gas to learn more about the volcanic activity. #
火山学家达里奥·特德斯科正在收集火山气体，以深入了解更多有关火山活动的情况。
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The hot gas condenses into a small puddle. Scientists say it is vital to take measurements in the crater over several periods in order to better understand the volcano and determine when it could erupt. #
探索队把火山热气冷凝在小容器中。科学家认为，在不同时间阶段检测火山口气体物质的含量对于深入了解火山状况和确定何时可能爆发至关重要。
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At night, the base camp is illuminated by the light of the lava lake. #
每当夜幕降临，探险队营地就会被熔岩湖的火光照得通亮。
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The goal of the expedition is to reach the rim of the lava lake. Nobody has previously survived such an encounter. #
抵达熔岩湖的边缘是此次探险队期待的目标，在这之前还没有人遭遇如此境遇而幸免于难。
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Members of the team keep in contact through radio and relay data about the lava lake's activities and the direction of the gases. #
队员们通过无线电互相保持联系，并且传送熔岩湖活动的数据、通报火山气体的散发方向。
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Climbers must determine the best method for descent. #
在下降途中，探索队员必须确定好最佳行动方式。
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Pierre-Yves Burgi collects gas near the bottom of the crater. The samples will be studied by Dario Tedesco, who was recently named as the head of Natural Risk Analysis and Prevention with the United Nations Office for Project Services. #
这是皮埃尔·伊夫·布尔格在火山坑底部收集逸出的气体。这些样本将被送给达里奥·特达斯科进行研究，他最近被联合国项目事务办公室命名为自然风险分析与防范项目的负责人。
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Bubbles of gas explode at the surface of the lava lake. #
这是在熔岩湖面发生爆炸的气泡。
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Franck Pothé approaches the lava. For such a close encounter, the wind must be at his back, pushing the heat away. Pothé is constantly informed of the swirling winds via radio contact with other members. #
弗兰克·波特茅正在接近熔岩。要进行如此近距离的接触，队员必须站在背风的位置，以便热量不会扑面而来。通过无线电，波特茅从其他队员那里不断得到有关风向变化情况的通报。
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Marc Caillet is the first member of the team to reach the lake’s rim. #
马克·凯利特是探险队第一个到达熔岩湖边缘的成员。
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Olivier Grunewald prepares his photographic equipment to protect it from temperatures that can reach 1,300 degrees. #
为了保护摄影设备免受1300度高温的伤害，奥利维·格鲁内瓦尔德正在准备采取防范措施。
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Approaching 282 million cubic feet of lava requires extensive protections. #
与将近2.82亿立方英尺的熔岩作‘亲密’接触需要采取一系列的保护措施。
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Encumbered by equipment, Olivier Grunewald must be guided by radio to where he can place his hands and feet. #
由于携带了仪器设备，奥利维尔·格鲁内瓦尔德的举手投足都必须听从电台指挥。
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Grunewald, on the lava lake’s first close-up: "I was so overwhelmed by the spectacle of this surface and trying to take pictures, I had no idea of time, of heat ... suddenly the radio told me that it was time to go, the activity being too close.’’ #
第一次与熔岩湖亲密接触的格鲁内瓦尔德回忆道：“我被熔岩湖表面的壮丽景象吸引了，于是想把它记录下来。此刻的我已经失去了时间概念，也把滚滚热焰置于脑后，... 突然，无线电话告诉我，该离开了，因为我的活动位置过于靠前了。”
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A major risk is the frequent overflows of the lake. Members surveying the lake from the second terrace help alert others to any threatening lava movements. #
熔岩湖的频繁泛滥是一个主要危险。探险队员们从第二台地开始的调查有助于提醒其他人防范来自熔岩运动的任何威胁。
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At dawn, the light becomes magic, but gases could cover the bottom of the crater in a matter of seconds. #
黎明时刻，火焰变得神奇莫测，然而几秒钟的功夫，火山坑底部立刻被气体笼罩起来。
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An overflow starts at the beginning of the night. Year after year, the lava reaches higher along the crater walls, until another breach or an eruption empties the vessel. The goal of the expedition is to increase volcanologists’ knowledge and ability to predict such an event and prevent another disaster. #
夜晚降临时刻，熔岩开始泛滥。年复一年，熔岩沿着火山坑壁不断升高，直到下一次喷发把坑中的熔岩清空。此次探险的目的不仅将增加火山学家们的知识，还将提高人类预测和防范自然灾害的能力。
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