本帖最后由 人与自然 于 2012-12-9 11:23 编辑
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2244766/Ghosts-mist-Deadly-great-grey-owls-silently-hunt-prey-snowy-Lapland.html
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牧夫作为科学科普的论坛，当然要从科学的角度发帖及倡导科学精神。从动物学角度看，猫头鹰是不折不扣的极其漂亮威严的鸟类。中国人，应该多一点科学精神和科学意识，提高热爱自然，保护大自然，实现人与自然和谐共处的可持续发展状态。
西方人认为,猫头鹰是守护夜晚的神，是勇猛和智慧的象征，动画片中严肃而聪明的猫头鹰经常会充当公正的裁判，智慧的长者，为其他禽兽出谋划策。从“as wise as an owl”(像猫头鹰一样聪明的)， ”owlish”(显得严肃而聪明的)中词句中，我们可以看出西方人对于猫头鹰所特有的喜爱程度。
然而，在中国，猫头鹰却成了厄运的象征，人们甚至害怕碰到猫头鹰或听到它的叫声。有些人很迷信，怕看到猫头鹰或听到它的叫声。以为碰上它要倒霉。汉语中的“夜猫子进宅”意味着这家厄运将至，夜猫子就是猫头鹰。
参考资料：《浅谈中西方文化中猫头鹰的认知差异》，载于《才智 》2011年10期，作者：尹晓娟
因为中英文化对猫头鹰有不同的文化含义，因此猫头鹰的形象也是被赋予不同的象征意义。在中国，猫头鹰外貌丑陋，叫声凄厉带着绝望，充满杀气，对腐肉的敏感，昼伏夜出，如黑暗的幽灵，给人更多的则是恐怖、厌恶的感觉．将它称之为不祥之鸟、报丧鸟、逐魂鸟，看作死亡和黑暗的象征。这便形成了中国猫头鹰的文化形象。
在英语中。和中国不同的是，在西方的主流社会，面目狰狞、叫声凄厉的猫头鹰确是智慧、机警、思考的象征，这也就形成了英语中猫头鹰的文化。在此，这里引用一个认知结构来分析“猫头鹰”和英文“OWL”意义差异，同时给出一些关于英汉“猫头鹰”翻译的建议。
一、中国猫头鹰的概念是客观事物通过人脑进行概括性地反映出来。这种意义在许多权威字典中的解释却截然不同。在中国现代汉语词典中对猫头鹰的解释是：鸟，身体淡褐色，多黑斑，头部有角状的羽毛，眼睛大而圆，昼伏夜出，吃老鼠和麻雀等小动物，对人类有益，常在夜间发出凄厉的叫声，迷信的人认为是不吉祥的鸟，也叫鸱鸺，有的地区叫夜猫子。我国民间有“夜猫子进宅，无事不来”、“不怕夜猫子叫，就怕夜猫子笑”等俗语，常把猫头鹰当作“不祥之鸟”，称为逐魂鸟、报丧鸟等，此外，猫头鹰昼伏夜出，飞时像幽灵一样飘忽无声，常常只见黑影一闪，也使对其行为不甚了解的人们产生了种种可怕的联想。
二、西方猫头鹰的概念和特征在西方许多词典中对猫头鹰的描述跟中国对猫头鹰的解释大相径庭。在《现代朗文词典》中，对猫头鹰的定义是这样的：猫头鹰是在夜间觅食的鸟，长有大大的眼睛。在《牛津高阶英语英汉大词典》中解释猫头鹰是一种在夜间飞行以小动物为食比如，老鼠，传统上认为是聪明的象征。从这些西方的词典中我们不难发现，猫头鹰被描述得和普通的鸟一样，身上长着翅膀和大大的眼睛，夜间飞行，觅食小动物。
三、中西对于猫头鹰的认知差异汉语中猫头鹰代表的是不祥和死亡，但在英语中，猫头鹰却是智慧、聪明的象征。这代表中西方国家对猫头鹰的意思有截然不同的理解。猫头鹰在中国的古代文化中具有重要的地位，在商代晚期至西周初期鼎盛至极，以后逐渐衰落不被人类所喜欢。商周人认为，夜是恐惧的，把黑夜与梦幻与死亡联系在一起。殷墟卜辞中有“卜夕”的记载，“卜夕”是商王占卜的一个重要项目，以长夜比作死后的世界。《左传》中用“窀穸”称之为“死后”，古注中解释为“长夜”。至于梦幻，商周人也很迷信，认为神意往往借此示人以凶吉。所以在西周中期以后，将鹗类题材画在墓中的棺上、砖上，祈求用鹗来守长夜，保平安，称之为枭、怪鸱。由于儒家思想的影响，“百善孝为先”在汉代成为人们的行为准则和伦理规范，“食母”的鸱鹗自然成为人们口诛笔伐的对象。正是因为对鸱鹗的憎恶，鸱鹗还被进一步视为妖鸟、祸鸟、凶鸟。从周代中期开始，鸱鹗就有了不好的名声。《诗经-鸱虢》一诗写到：“鸱鹗鸱鹗，既取我子，无取我室。”诗人以一只受害母鸟的口吻来谴责猫头鹰的凶残。可见远在两千多年前，猫头鹰的名声就已经很坏了。《说苑 鸣枭东徙》上说：“枭与鸠遇，日：我将徙，西方皆恶我声。”在这里，猫头鹰已是臭名远扬，以至于无可归依。
可在现代文学史上，伟大的文学家鲁迅先生却钟爱猫头鹰，作为鲁迅笔下重要的动物意象。猫头鹰可以说是鲁迅神形毕肖的自我形象标记。鲁迅认同并自命为猫头鹰，显示了他对传统文化观念的反叛。与猫头鹰一样，鲁迅是属于黑夜的，他的价值和意义体现在他对黑暗的反抗上。
在西方神话故事中，猫头鹰是智慧女神雅典娜的情人，常栖息于她的身旁，古希腊人把猫头鹰尊敬为雅典娜和智慧的象征；在黑格尔的词典里，它是哲思的别名。在儿童读物和漫画中，通常很严肃，很有头脑，常充当裁判。鲁迅喜爱猫头鹰，大抵是接受了西方文化中对猫头鹰正面评价的影响，是对自古以来中西方，特别是中国传统文化心理中对猫头鹰恶谥的着意反叛。
四、中英猫头鹰的内涵意义
内涵意义是一种与社会相关的额外意义，不同的社会阶层，群体和个人都可以赋予一个词不同的内涵意义。中英词汇的联想意义都不能脱离其自身民族文化的背景。所以在中国，猫头鹰已经成为是死亡和不祥的象征，相反，在西方国家，大部分的人认为猫头鹰是智慧的化身。举个例子，在波特》中，猫头鹰是巫师们的宠物。主人翁哈利波特的守护神白色的猫头鹰海德薇，是哈利非常得力的伙伴。
These eerie images show the elusive Great Grey Owl - known as the phantom of the north - gliding through snowy Lapland in hunt of prey.
The Great Grey Owls are shown flying ghost-like through the wintry land, invariably staring down the camera lens with their luminous yellow eyes.
Wildlife photographer Jules Cox annually visits Lapland in the winter time hoping to shoot the magnificent owls but had not yet had any luck.
Ghostly bird: The Great Grey Owl is found in north America and north Europe
On the hunt: Great Grey Owls are known for their bright yellow piercing eyes
Birds at war: Two Great Grey owls fight in the snow over fallen prey
He again travelled out to Finland this year and managed to photograph the stunning Northern Lights - but the Great Greys evaded him once more.
But, just a few weeks after returning home he was informed by a Finnish friend that the owls had been spotted hunting there.
Without hesitation Mr Cox booked a flight out to Finland, chancing his arm that he may fulfill his photography dream.Mr Cox, 41, from Bermondsey, London, said: 'For the last few years I've visited Finland in winter in the hope of photographing this beautiful bird.
A winter wonderland: A Great Grey Owl effortlessly soars across the fallen snow in Lapland
Lethal and graceful: Wildlife photographer Jules Cox annually travels to Lapland to try and capture pictures of the Great Grey Owl
Hard work paid off: But Jules Cox finally got to see the Great Greys in action this year
'But, the more I chased, the more the opportunity seemed to elude me.
'Only a matter of weeks after returning from Finland though a Finnish guide told me a couple of Great Grey Owls had been seen hunting in open areas of Lapland.
'There was no time to waste, Great Greys are nomadic and there was no knowing how long the owls would remain in the area for.
'Flights were hastily booked and followed by a madcap dash to Heathrow, we then had a long wait at Helsinki Airport for a connecting flight to Lapland.
Going in for the kill: These dramatic images capture the intricate details of the Great Grey's feathers
Ready for your close-up? A Great Grey hunched up in the snow stares in to the camera lens
Incredible sight: Mr Cox has often missed the birds on his travels to Lapland
'But the gamble paid off - just hours later I was stood watching the Phantoms of the North staring back at me, perched in falling snow.'
In Scandanavian myth and folklore the Great Grey Owl is sometimes referred to as the Phantom of the North.
The species, of which males can grow up to 33 inches in length, are also known as a Lapland Owl.
Mr Cox added: 'There were five to six of the Great Greys in the area when I got there.
'I focused my shots on a specific pair though who were particularly accommodating.
'The whole experience was just totally unreal and it really finished off the year in style.'
Nomads: Mr Cox said it is difficult to catch the Great Greys as they are nomadic and it is impossible to say how long they will stay in any given area
Soaring through the air: Great Greys wait, listen, and watch for prey, before swooping down for the kill
Eerie: A lone Great Grey perches on a tree stump as the snow falls around it
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2244766/Ghosts-mist-Deadly-great-grey-owls-silently-hunt-prey-snowy-Lapland.html#ixzz2EWKQgBJE
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