另眼看宇宙之黑洞

”死星"星系黑洞对邻居的暴轰

（ 感谢[yjcamel]同好的原创翻译！ ）

This composite image shows the jet from a black hole at the center of a galaxy striking the edge of another galaxy, the first time such an interaction has been found. In the image, data from several wavelengths have been combined. X-rays from Chandra (colored purple), optical and ultraviolet (UV) data from Hubble (red and orange), and radio emission from the Very Large Array (VLA) and MERLIN (blue) show how the jet from the main galaxy on the lower left is striking its companion galaxy to the upper right. The jet impacts the companion galaxy at its edge and is then disrupted and deflected, much like how a stream of water from a hose will splay out after hitting a wall at an angle.

这个合成的图像显示乐一束从星系中央黑洞对邻近星系边缘喷出的射流，这是第一次类似的活动被发现。 在图像中，不同波长下的数据进行乐合成。 钱德拉（紫色部分）的X射线，哈勃(红色和橙色部分）的光学和紫外线，以及VLA和MERLIN射电图像显示在图左下方的主星系发出的喷流正击中乐在右上方的伴星系。喷流与伴星系的边缘处发生碰撞，然后被打乱并反射，非常类似与从水管中喷出的水流从一定角度击中一面墙壁产生的效果。


Each wavelength shows a different aspect of this system, known as 3C321. The Chandra X-ray image provides evidence that each galaxy contains a rapidly growing supermassive black hole at its center. Hubble's optical light images (orange) show the glow from the stars in each galaxy. A bright spot in the VLA and MERLIN radio image shows where the jet has struck the side of the galaxy - about 20,000 light years from the main galaxy - dissipating some of its energy. An even larger "hotspot" of radio emission detected by VLA (seen in an image with a much larger field-of-view) reveals that the jet terminates much farther away from the galaxy, at a distance of about 850,000 light years away. The Hubble UV image shows large quantities of warm and hot gas in the vicinity of the galaxies, indicating the supermassive black holes in both galaxies have had a violent past. Faint emission from Chandra, Hubble and Spitzer, not shown in this image, indicate that the galaxies are orbiting in a clockwise direction, implying that the companion galaxy is swinging into the path of the jet.


每个波段（图像）显示乐这个系统——3C321的不同方面。钱德拉X射线图提供的证据表明（这个系统里）每个星系中心都拥有一个快速成长的超大质量黑洞。哈勃的光学图像显示这种成长来自星系中的恒星。在VLA和MERLIN射电图中的亮点表明何处是喷流与伴星系发生碰撞的地方——大概距主星系20000光年，并同时耗散乐一些它的能量。 在VLA射电图中（见7楼的大图）有个甚至更大的“热点”揭示出这个喷流最终终结的地方，离发出的星系有85万光年之遥。哈勃UV图显示在两星系间有大量的炙热气体，表明两星系中的超大质量黑洞在以前都有剧烈活动的历史。钱德拉、哈勃和SPITZER的弱发射图像没有在这里显示，不过能看出两星系是顺时针方向绕转，暗示伴星系可能正撞向喷流的路径。


Since the Chandra data shows that particle acceleration is still occurring in this hotspot, the jet must have struck the companion galaxy relatively recently, less than about a million years ago (i.e. less than the light travel time to the hotspot). This relatively short cosmic time frame makes this event a very rare phenomenon.
This "death star galaxy" will produce large amounts of high-energy radiation, which may cause severe damage to the atmospheres of any planets in the companion galaxy that lie in the path of the jet. From the Earth we look down the barrel of jets from supermassive black holes, however these so-called "blazars" are at much safer distances of millions or billions of light years.

钱德拉的数据显示热点中的物质仍在被加速，因此喷流撞击伴星系的事件应该发生在不久前，大约不到100万年（少于光线运行到热点的时间）。这个在宇宙中相对较短的时间让这个现象非常的稀有。这个“死星星系”会产生大量的高能辐射，如果伴星系中有行星在喷流的路径上的话会遭到致命的破坏。我们从地球观测这些超大质量黑洞的喷流现象，然而这些所谓的“耀类星体”都远在数百万乃至几十亿光年的安全距离之外。


几种波段的综合图像

来源:http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/iotd.html

                               
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Multipanel Image of 3C321

A powerful jet from a supermassive black hole is blasting a nearby galaxy in the system known as 3C321, according to new results from NASA. This galactic violence, never seen before, could have a profound effect on any planets in the path of the jet and trigger a burst of star formation in the wake of its destruction.
(Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/D.Evans et al.; Optical/UV: NASA/STScI; Radio: NSF/VLA/CfA/D.Evans et al., STFC/JBO/MERLIN)


根据NASA天文台的最新观测数据，一个特大质量的黑洞正在喷射一股威力强大的射流，撞击邻近的一个星系。



来源:http://hubblesite.org/newscenter ... es/2007/37/image/b/

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 00:50 编辑 ]

来源:http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/3c321/more.html#3c321_illustration

Chandra X-ray Image of 3C321

The Chandra X-ray image of 3C321 shows that both galaxies contain supermassive black holes undergoing a phase of rapid growth. It is unusual for two such active galaxies to be so close to each other. Hot gas in the galaxies is also visible in the image.
(Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/D.Evans et al.)




Chandra 3C321的X-射线图

                               
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VLA/MERLIN Radio Image of 3C321


A bright spot in the VLA and MERLIN radio image shows where the jet from the larger galaxy in 3C321 has struck the side of its companion galaxy - about 20,000 light years away - dissipating some of its energy. The jet is then disrupted and deflected, much like how a stream of water from a hose will splay out after hitting a wall at an angle.
(Credit: Radio: NSF/VLA/CfA/D.Evans et al., STFC/JBO/MERLIN)


无线电图

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 00:54 编辑 ]

呵呵`
又学到知识了哈`
  顶你一个``

Hubble Optical Image of 3C321

This optical image from Hubble shows the glow from stars in the two galaxies in 3C321. A dust-lane is visible in the larger galaxy, showing that there must have been a merger with a smaller galaxy in the past.

(Credit: Optical/UV: NASA/STScI)


哈勃拍摄到的光学图片

                               
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Hubble UV Image of 3C321

This ultraviolet image from Hubble shows large quantities of warm and hot gas in the vicinity of the galaxies in 3C321, indicating that the supermassive black holes in both galaxies have had a violent past.
(Credit: Optical/UV: NASA/STScI)


哈勃拍摄到的紫外图

                               
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X-ray & Radio Full Field Image of 3C321


A wide-field view of X-ray and radio emission, the image reveals jets that extend for about 1.7 million light years before zooming into the central two galaxies.
(Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/D.Evans et al.; Radio: NSF/VLA/CfA/D.Evans et al., STFC/JBO/MERLIN)

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 00:57 编辑 ]

Illustration of Jet Striking Galaxy (unlabeled)


This artist's impression of 3C321 shows the main galaxy and the companion galaxy. A jet of particles generated by a supermassive black hole at the center of the main galaxy is striking the companion galaxy. The jet is disrupted and deflected by this impact.

(Credit: Illustration: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss)


想象图

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 00:58 编辑 ]

NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster:
Black Holes Found To Be Green By NASA's Chandra



半人马座星系团中的NGC 4696：钱德拉所见的旺盛黑洞
来源:http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/bhcen/index.html

By studying the inner regions of nine elliptical galaxies with Chandra, scientists can now estimate the rate at which gas is falling toward the galaxies' supermassive black holes. These images also allowed them to estimate the power required to produce radio emitting bubbles in the hot X-ray gas.

科学家使用钱德拉研究了9个椭圆星系的内区，估计出了星系中心特大质量黑洞的气体下落速率。这张图片还让他们估计出，需要多少能量才能产生辐射X射线的热气体中的射电泡。

The composite image of NGC 4696 shows a vast cloud of hot gas (red), surrounding high-energy bubbles 10,000 light years across (blue) oneither side of the bright white area around the supermassive black hole. Images of the other galaxies in the study show a similar structure. (The green dots in the image show infrared radiation from star clusters on the outer edges of the galaxy).

这张NGC 4696的合成图展现了巨大的热气体云（红色），周围直径10000光年的高能泡（蓝色），它位于特大质量黑洞周围明亮白色区域的两侧。研究使用的其他星系图象揭示出了类似的结构。（图中的绿色光点表示来自星系外缘星团的红外辐射。）

Surprisingly, the results indicate that most of the energy released by the infalling gas goes, not into an outpouring of light as is observed in many active galactic nuclei,but into jets of high-energy particles. Such jets can be launched from a magnetized gaseous disk around the central black hole, and blast away at near the speed of light to create huge bubbles.

令人吃惊的是，结果表明，与大多数活动星系核不同，下落气体释放的大部分能量并没有作为光辐射倾泻而出，却是注入到了高能粒子喷流中。喷流的成因可能是中央黑洞周围磁化的气体盘，并以接近光速的速度涌出，产生巨大的泡状结构。

An important implication of this work is that the conversion of energy by matter falling toward a black hole is much more efficient than nuclear or fossil fuels. For example, it is estimated that if a car was as fuel-efficient as these black holes, it could theoretically travel more than a billion miles on a gallon of gas!

该工作的重要推论是，落向黑洞的物质比核燃料或化石燃料有着更高的能量转换效率。举例来说，如果一辆汽车的燃料转化效率能有黑洞这样高，理论上它可以用一加仑汽油行驶10亿英里以上！

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 01:00 编辑 ]

Sagittarius A*:
Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
人马座A

This Chandra image of the supermassive black hole at our Galaxy's center, a.k.a. Sagittarius A* or Sgr A*, was made from the longest X-ray exposure of that region to date. In addition to Sgr A* more than two thousand other X-ray sources were detected in the region, making this one of the richest fields ever observed.

During the two-week observation period, Sgr A* flared up in X-ray intensity half a dozen or more times. The cause of these outbursts is not understood, but the rapidity with which they rise and fall indicates that they are occurring near the event horizon, or point of no return, around the black hole. Even during the flares the intensity of the X-ray emission from the vicinity of the black hole is relatively weak. This suggests that Sgr A*, weighing in at 3 million times the mass of the Sun, is a starved black hole, possibly because explosive events in the past have cleared much of the gas from around it.

Evidence for such explosions was revealed in the image - huge lobes of 20 million-degree Centigrade gas (the red loops in the image at approximately the 2 o'clock and 7 o'clock positions) that extend over dozens of light years on either side of the black hole. They indicate that enormous explosions occurred several times over the last ten thousand years.

Further analysis of the Sgr A* image is expected to give astronomers a much better understanding of how the supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy grows and how it interacts with its environment. This knowledge will also help to understand the origin and evolution of even larger supermassive black holes found in the centers of other galaxies.

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 01:04 编辑 ]

NGC 6240:
Never Before Seen: Two Supermassive Black Holes in Same Galaxy


The Chandra image of NGC 6240, a butterfly-shaped galaxy that is the product of the collision of two smaller galaxies, revealed that the central region of the galaxy (inset) contains not one, but two active giant black holes.

Previous X-ray observatories had shown that the central region was an X-ray source, but astronomers did not know what was producing the X-rays. Radio, infrared, and optical observations had detected two bright nuclei, but their exact nature also remained a mystery.

Chandra was able to show that the X-rays were coming from the two nuclei, and determine their X-ray spectra. These cosmic fingerprints revealed features that are characteristic of supermassive black holes - an excess of high-energy photons from gas swirling around a black hole, and X-rays from fluorescing iron atoms in gas near black holes.

Over the course of the next few hundred million years, the two supermassive black holes, which are about 3000 light years apart, will drift toward one another and merge to form one larger supermassive black hole. This detection of a binary black hole supports the idea that black holes grow to enormous masses in the centers of galaxies by merging with other black holes.

NGC 6240 is a prime example of a "starburst" galaxy in which stars are forming, evolving, and exploding at an exceptionally rapid rate due to a relatively recent merger (30 million years ago). Heat generated by this activity created the extensive multimillion degree Celsius gas seen in this image.

Note on Cosmic Look-Back Time: The finite speed of light means that we must always be out of date, no matter how hard we strive to keep up with the times. Thus, the seemingly simple question - what is happening right now on the Sun? - cannot be answered by an observer on Earth, because it takes light 8 minutes to reach Earth from the Sun. For distant galaxies, the light travel times are even longer, so our information about the galaxy NGC 6240, which is 400 million light years away, is 400 million years out of date! One consolation is that if astronomers on NGC 6240 are observing our Milky Way galaxy, they are likewise 400 million years behind the times - our times, that is. As Albert Einstein said, "The past, present and future are only illusions, even if stubborn ones."

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 01:08 编辑 ]

谁能给翻译下啊~~谢了~~~

哪位翻译高手帮下忙？谢谢！

漂亮~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

黑洞啊~真的太神秘了~~~快来翻译啊~~~

宇宙变化万千。
神奇的美景。
令人激动。

哈哈，老美还是有点幽默地。

兄弟谢谢了

感谢 yjcamel同好的出手相助！！
加分！！