另眼看宇宙之星云

The Orion Nebula Seen in X-Rays

来源:http://www.universetoday.com/200 ... ula-seen-in-x-rays/

猎户座大星云的X射线影象

Didn't I just mention how the press agencies try to relate an image to the holidays? This time, ESA has release an image they think looks like Santa Claus. I don't see it. Maybe the massive star forming region blazing in X-rays is his beard. Or the dusty surrounding clouds is the reindeer. Nope, I still don't see it.

我不是刚刚提到，新闻媒体是如何试图将照片与节日联系了吗？这次，ESA公布了一张照片，他们认为，它看起来很象圣诞老人。我看不出来。也许在X射线下闪耀的大质量恒星形成区就是他的胡子。或者说环绕在周围的富尘云团是驯鹿。不，我还是没看到它。

The science, though, is very cool.

不过科学是很酷的事情。

The image, captured by ESA's XMM-Newton X-ray observatory is of the Orion Nebula; one of the most famous places in space. The bright star that dominates the image is theta1 Orionis C, a giant star with 40 times the mass of the Sun.

照片由ESA的XMM-牛顿X射线天文台拍摄，拍摄对象是猎户座大星云，也是宇宙中最著名的地方之一。占据照片主导的亮星是猎户座theta 1C，是一颗质量40倍于太阳的巨星。

Astronomers think that the collision between the wind from the star and the surrounding gas has heated the environment up to millions of degrees. Hot gas like this has been seen around the most vigorous star forming regions in galaxies, but never around such a small collection of stars.

天文学家认为，恒星星风与周围气体的撞击将环境温度加热到几百万度。在星系最旺盛的产星区周围，都有这样的热气体发现，但这在小群恒星周围从来没有见过。

In optical and infrared images of the region, the highest temperature regions of the nebula just look like a big cavity. But under the view of XMM-Newton, what looks like empty space is actually glowing in X-rays.

在该区域的可见光和红外图象中，星云温度最高的地方看起来只是个巨洞。但在XMM-牛顿眼中，看起来空空如野的太空实际上在发射X射线辉光。

A team working with the observatory discovered this cloud of gas while they were doing a survey of the young stars in the region. There was a faint background glow of X-rays in many of the stars. After this was seen several times, the astronomers decided to see if it was actually in the background everywhere.

利用该天文台工作的一个小组在进行区域内年轻恒星的巡天时，发现了这团气体云。许多恒星都有暗淡的X射线背景辐射。这样的现象见过几次之后，天文学家决定去看看无处不在的背景上到底有什么东西。

Researcher Manuel Güdel proposes that this could be an additional way for heavy elements to get into space. "This is another possible way to enrich the interstellar medium. You don’t have to wait for a sudden supernova to explode. You can do it with just one or two massive stars over millions of years."

研究人员Manuel Güdel指出，这也许是重元素抛向太空的一条补充途径。“这是提升星际介质丰度的另一条可能途径。你没有必要等待超新星的突然爆发。只要让一两颗大质量恒星过上几百万年，就可以做到这一点了。”

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-2-2 21:56 编辑 ]

Mz 3, BD+30-3639, Hen 3-1475, and NGC 7027:
Planetary Nebulas - Fast Winds from Dying Stars

Mz 3、BD+30-3639、Hen 3-1475与NGC 7027：行星状星云——濒死恒星的高速星风
来源:http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/pne/index.html


This panel of composite images shows part of the unfolding drama of the last stages of the evolution of sun-like stars. Dynamic elongated clouds envelop bubbles of multimillion degree gas produced by high-velocity winds from dying stars. In these images, Chandra's X-ray data are shown in blue, while green and red are optical and infrared data from Hubble.

这些合成图展现的是逐渐显露的类太阳恒星后期演化的部分图景。被动力学伸长的云团包裹着濒死恒星高速星风造就的百万度气体泡。在这些图象中，钱德拉的X射线数据用蓝色表示，而绿色和红色分别表示哈勃的可见光与红外数据。

Planetary nebulas - so called because some of them resemble a planet when viewed through a small telescope - are produced in the late stages of a sun-like star's life. After several billion years of stable existence (the sun is 4.5 billion years old and will not enter this phase for about 5 billion more years) a normal star will expand enormously to become a bloated red giant. Over a period of a few hundred thousand years, much of the star's mass is expelled at a relatively slow speed of about 50,000 miles per hour.

因其外观在小望远镜中类似行星，故名行星状星云。它们产生于类太阳恒星生命的最后阶段。在经历了几十亿年的稳定状态后（对于太阳来说，它的年龄是45亿岁，并将在今后的50亿年内保持这样的状态），普通的恒星会极度膨胀，成为浮肿的红巨星。再经过几亿年，恒星的大部分物质都将以每小时50000英里的相对低速抛射而出。

This mass loss creates a more or less spherical cloud around the star and eventually uncovers the star's blazing hot core. Intense ultraviolet radiation from the core heats the circumstellar gas to ten thousand degrees, and the velocity of the gas flowing away from the star jumps to about a million miles per hour.

质量损失在恒星周围造就了或多或少呈现球形的云团，并最终将恒星闪耀的炽热核心掀开。核心强烈的紫外辐射将星周气体加热到上万度，从恒星流出的气体速度跃升到了每小时百万英里。

This high speed wind appears to be concentrated into opposing supersonic funnels, and produces the elongated shapes in the early development of planetary nebulas (BD+30-3639 appears spherical, but other observations indicate that it is viewed along the pole.) Shock waves generated by the collision of the high-speed gas with the surrounding cloud create the hot bubbles observed by Chandra. The origin of the funnel-shaped winds is not understood. It may be related to strong, twisted magnetic fields near the hot stellar core.

高速风似乎集中于对面的超音速漏斗状结构中，并在行星状星云演化的早期造就了拉伸的外观。（BD+30-3639看起来呈球形，但其他观测表明，我们是在从极区观看它。）高速气体与周边云团碰撞产生的激波可以造就钱德拉所见的热气泡。人们并不知道漏斗状星风的起源。它可能与炽热星核附近被扭曲的强磁场有关。

                               
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Chandra & HST Images of Mz 3 (Ant Nebula)

Planetary nebulas - so called because some of them resemble a planet when viewed through a small telescope - are produced in the late stages of a sun-like star's life. This image shows Chandra's view of Menzel 3 (Mz3, also known as the Ant Nebula), a planetary nebula about 3,000 light years from Earth. Dynamic elongated clouds envelop bubbles of multimillion degree gas produced by high-velocity winds from dying stars.


钱德拉与哈勃拍摄的Mz 3（蚂蚁星云）
行星状星云得名的原因是外观在小望远镜中类似行星，是类太阳恒星在演化后期产生的。这张照片是钱德拉拍摄的Menzel 3（Mz 3，蚂蚁星云），这是距离地球3000光年的行星状星云。被动力学拉伸的云团包裹着濒死恒星的高速星风造就的百万度气体泡。

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 14:39 编辑 ]

Chandra & HST Images of BD+30-3639

This Chandra image of BD+30-3639 shows a hot bubble of multimillion degree gas surrounding a dying, Sun-like star that is about 5,000 light years from Earth. The distance across the bubble is roughly 100 times the diameter of our solar system.


钱德拉与哈勃拍摄的BD+30-3639
钱德拉拍摄的BD+30-3639展现的是包围着濒死类太阳恒星的百万度热气体泡，距离地球5000光年。气体泡的跨度相当于太阳系直径的100倍。

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 14:14 编辑 ]

Chandra & HST Images of NGC 7027

Chandra's image shows X-rays from NGC 7027, a young planetary nebula that is about 3,000 light years from Earth. A bubble of multimillion degree gas with a length about a hundred times that of our solar system is shown in the image. The image is brighter to the upper right - the side of the nebula nearest the Earth - where there is less obscuring material to block the X-ray emission.


钱德拉与哈勃拍摄的NGC 7027

钱德拉的照片展现了来自年轻行星状星云NGC 7027的X射线辐射，该星云距离地球3000光年。图中可见几百万度的气体泡，尺度相当于太阳系的100倍。照片的右上方稍亮，这是行星状星云距离地球最近的一边，这里能阻碍X射线辐射的吸收介质较少。

                               
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漂亮！好图啊~~~顶~~~~~~

The Crescent Nebula (NGC 6888):
Live Fast, Blow Hard and Die Young

来源:http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2003/ngc6888/index.html


新月星云NGC 6888 X射线和光学的综合图象

Massive stars lead short, spectacular lives. This composite X-ray (blue)/optical (red and green) image reveals dramatic details of a portion of the Crescent Nebula, a giant gaseous shell created by powerful winds blowing from the massive star HD 192163 (a.k.a. WR 136, the star is out of the field of view to the lower right).


After only 4.5 million years (one-thousandth the age of the Sun), HD 192163 began its headlong rush toward a supernova catastrophe. First it expanded enormously to become a red giant and ejected its outer layers at about 20,000 miles per hour. Two hundred thousand years later - a blink of the eye in the life of a normal star - the intense radiation from the exposed hot, inner layer of the star began pushing gas away at speeds in excess of 3 million miles per hour!

When this high speed "stellar wind" rammed into the slower red giant wind, a dense shell was formed. In the image, a portion of the shell is shown in red. The force of the collision created two shock waves: one that moved outward from the dense shell to create the green filamentary structure, and one that moved inward to produce a bubble of million degree Celsius X-ray emitting gas (blue). The brightest X-ray emission is near the densest part of the compressed shell of gas, indicating that the hot gas is evaporating matter from the shell. The massive star HD 192183 that has produced the nebula appears as the bright dot at the center of the full-field image.

HD 192163 will likely explode as a supernova in about a hundred thousand years. This image enables astronomers to determine the mass, energy, and composition of the gaseous shell around this pre-supernova star. An understanding of such environments provides important data for interpreting observations of supernovas and their remnants.

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 15:04 编辑 ]

Chandra X-ray & Hubble Optical Image of the Eagle Nebula (M16), Labeled


An interesting aspect of the Pillars of Creation is the evaporating gaseous globules, or EGGs, where stars are believed to be forming. X-rays were not detected from these dense, compact pockets of gas, suggesting that most of the EGGs do not contain enshrouded stars. However, 11 of the 73 EGGs contain infant stellar objects seen in the infrared and 4 of these are massive enough to form a star. One of them (E42) is estimated to have about the mass of the Sun and could represent one of the earliest stages of evolution of our nearest star.

来源:http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/m16/more.html

老鹰星云M16钱德拉X-射线和哈勃光学后成图象

                               
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这些图爽啊，看着还真来劲！感谢LZ发片啊！！！！

老鹰星云M16


Chandra X-ray Images of the Eagle Nebula (M16)

A new look at the famous "Pillars of Creation" with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has allowed astronomers to peer inside the dark columns of gas and dust. This penetrating view of the Eagle Nebula reveals how much star formation is happening inside these iconic structures.


一个崭新的面貌，在著名的"创世之柱" ，美国宇航局的钱德拉X射线望远镜，让天文学家们观测到星云内的气体和尘埃。这里是恒星诞生的地方。

                               
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Beyond the Pillars of Creation


This composite image shows a much larger region of sky than the image focussing on the Pillars of Creation. The complete Chandra data contains over a thousand X-ray sources, most of them young stars with masses close to that of the Sun. Hundreds of these objects are visible near the center of the young galactic cluster NGC 6611, seen in the upper right part of the image. These young stars may have formed in pillars of dust and gas that are now extinct. The Hubble Space Telescope image of the Pillars of Creation is shown in the lower left.

      这种复合图像显示一个更大区域的天空，数据说明这里有超过一千X射线源，他们大多数是年轻的恒星。数以百计的这些物件都是看得见，中心附近的年轻星系簇的NGC 6611 ，出现在右上部分的形象。这些年轻恒星可能已经在支柱的尘埃和气体形成中.

                               
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X-射线和光学综合图象

                               
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A Great Observatories Perspective of the Eagle Nebula (M16)

The Eagle Nebula ("Pillars of Creation") looks very different when viewed through three of NASA's orbiting observatories. The infrared image from the Spitzer Space Telescope and the famous Hubble Space Telescope image show the gas and dust of this star-forming region. The X-ray image from Chandra allows astronomers to peer through the obscuring material, and shows that the Eagle Nebula may be past its prime in terms of making stars. One young star is found inside the pillars, which scientists estimate to be 4 or 5 times more massive than the Sun.

   通过三个美国宇航局的轨道望远镜从另一个角度看老鹰星云,红外图象由斯皮策太空望远镜和著名的哈勃太空望远镜的图像显示出的气体和尘埃，这是个恒星形成区域。X光图像从钱德拉X-射线望远镜摄得，让天文学家们看清老鹰星云.

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 15:48 编辑 ]

玫瑰星云的中心

来源:http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2007-08/visuals.shtml

The Heart of the Rosette
This infrared image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the Rosette nebula, a pretty star-forming region more than 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Monoceros. In optical light, the nebula looks like a rosebud, or the "rosette" adornments that date back to antiquity.
But lurking inside this delicate cosmic rosebud are super hot stars, called O-stars, whose radiation and winds have collectively excavated layers of dust (green) and gas away, revealing the cavity of cooler dust (red). Some of the Rosette's O-stars can be seen in the bubble-like, red cavity; however, the largest two blue stars in this picture are in the foreground, and not in the nebula itself.
This image shows infrared light captured by Spitzer's infrared array camera. Light with wavelengths of 24 microns is red; light of 8 microns is green; and light of 4.5 microns is blue.

这幅红外图象由美国宇航局的斯皮策太空望远镜拍摄，一个美丽的恒星形成区域更超过5000光年之遥.

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 21:18 编辑 ]

翻译都是原创的？看来现在拉玛也加入译文的队伍啦！
精华~

不是，大部分长的句子都是朋友帮忙翻的。

[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-1 22:15 编辑 ]

Now You See Stars, Now You Don't
http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2005-23/ssc2005-23a.shtml

The image composite compares an infrared image taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope to a visible-light picture of the same region (inset). While the infrared view, dubbed "Mountains of Creation," reveals towering pillars of dust aglow with the light of embryonic stars (white/yellow), the visible-light view shows dark, barely-visible pillars. The added detail in the Spitzer image reveals a dynamic region in the process of evolving and creating new stellar life.

Why do the pictures look so different? The answer has two parts. First, infrared light can travel through dust, while visible light is blocked by it. In this case, infrared light from the stars tucked inside the dusty pillars is escaping and being detected by Spitzer. Second, the dust making up the pillars has been warmed by stars and consequently glows in infrared light, where Spitzer can see it. This is a bit like seeing warm bodies at night with infrared goggles. In summary, Spitzer is both seeing, and seeing through, the dust.

The Spitzer image was taken by the infrared array camera on Spitzer. It is a 4-color composite of infrared light, showing emissions from wavelengths of 3.6 microns (blue), 4.5 microns (green), 5.8 microns (orange), and 8.0 microns (red).

The visible-light image is from California Institute of Technology's Digitized Sky Survey.

                               
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[ 本帖最后由 寻找拉玛 于 2008-1-2 15:01 编辑 ]

美丽的天文奇观。
宇宙中最美应该就是星云了。

漂亮的星云图。

三叶星云
来源:http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2005-02/ssc2005-02a.shtml
New Views of a Familiar BeautyThis image composite compares the well-known visible-light picture of the glowing Trifid Nebula (left panel) with infrared views from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope (remaining three panels). The Trifid Nebula is a giant star-forming cloud of gas and dust located 5,400 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.

The false-color Spitzer images reveal a different side of the Trifid Nebula. Where dark lanes of dust are visible trisecting the nebula in the visible-light picture, bright regions of star-forming activity are seen in the Spitzer pictures. All together, Spitzer uncovered 30 massive embryonic stars and 120 smaller newborn stars throughout the Trifid Nebula, in both its dark lanes and luminous clouds. These stars are visible in all the Spitzer images, mainly as yellow or red spots. Embryonic stars are developing stars about to burst into existence. Ten of the 30 massive embryos discovered by Spitzer were found in four dark cores, or stellar "incubators," where stars are born. Astronomers using data from the Institute of Radioastronomy millimeter telescope in Spain had previously identified these cores but thought they were not quite ripe for stars. Spitzer's highly sensitive infrared eyes were able to penetrate all four cores to reveal rapidly growing embryos.

Astronomers can actually count the individual embryos tucked inside the cores by looking closely at the Spitzer image taken by its infrared array camera (top right). This instrument has the highest spatial resolution of Spitzer's imaging cameras. The Spitzer image from the multiband imaging photometer (bottom right), on the other hand, specializes in detecting cooler materials. Its view highlights the relatively cool core material falling onto the Trifid's growing embryos. The middle panel is a combination of Spitzer data from both of these instruments.

The embryos are thought to have been triggered by a massive "type O" star, which can be seen as a white spot at the center of the nebula in all four images. Type O stars are the most massive stars, ending their brief lives in explosive supernovas. The small newborn stars probably arose at the same time as the O star, and from the same original cloud of gas and dust.

The Spitzer infrared array camera image is a three-color composite of invisible light, showing emissions from wavelengths of 3.6 microns (blue), 4.5 microns (green), 5.8 and 8.0 microns (red). The Spitzer multiband imaging photometer image shows 24-micron emissions. The Spitzer mosaic image combines data from these pictures, showing light of 4.5 microns (blue), 8.0 microns (green) and 24 microns (red). The visible-light image is from the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, Ariz.

                               
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鬼头星云红外图

来源:http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/M ... 8/ssc2004-18a.shtml

'Galactic Ghoul' Rears Its Spooky Head
A "monster" lurking behind a blanket of cosmic dust is unveiled in this new Halloween image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Resembling a ghoul with two hollow eyes and a screaming mouth, this masked cloud of newborn stars was uncovered by Spitzer's heat-seeking infrared eyes.

The spooky cloud -- a nebula called "DR 6" residing in the plane of our Milky Way galaxy -- is home to a cluster of about 10 massive newborn stars, ranging in size from 10 to 20 times the mass of our Sun. The nebular "eyes" and "mouth" were carved out by intense heat and winds, which shoot outward from the stars (located in the central bar or "nose"). The green material remaining in the eyes and mouth is comprised of gas, while the red regions and tendrils beyond make up the dusty cloud that originally gave birth to the young stars.
Within the nebula's nose, a second generation of stars is in the process of forming. These stars, in turn, will sculpt their stellar nursery, and ultimately affect the birth of yet another generation of stars. Spitzer provides astronomers with an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and spatial resolution to study this cycle in detail.

DR 6 is located 3,900 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. The distance from one end of its central bar to the other is the about 3.5 light-years, or about the same distance from our Sun to its nearest neighbor, Alpha Centauri.

This image composite was taken on Nov. 27, 2003, by Spitzer's infrared array camera. It is composed of images obtained at four wavelengths: 3.6 microns (blue), 4.5 microns (green), 5.8 microns (orange) and 8 microns (red).

                               
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