宇宙里γ射线爆发研究的新进展
The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724E. Berger(1), P. A. Price(2), S. B. Cenko(3), A. Gal-Yam(4), A. M. Soderberg(4), M. Kasliwal(4), D. C. Leonard(4), P. B. Cameron(4), D. A. Frail(5), S. R. Kulkarni(4), D. C. Murphy(1), W. Krzeminski(6), T. Piran(7), B. L. Lee(8), K. C. Roth(9), D.-S. Moon(3), D. B. Fox(4), F. A. Harrison(3), S. E. Persson(1), B. P. Schmidt(10), B. E. Penprase(11), J. Rich(10), B. A. Peterson(10) and L. L. Cowie(2)
Despite a rich phenomenology, γ-ray bursts (GRBs) are divided(1) into two classes based on their duration and spectral hardness—the long-soft and the short-hard bursts. The discovery of afterglow emission from long GRBs was a watershed event, pinpointing(2) their origin to star-forming galaxies, and hence the death of massive stars, and indicating(3) an energy release of about 1051 erg. While theoretical arguments(4) suggest that short GRBs are produced in the coalescence of binary compact objects (neutron stars or black holes), the progenitors, energetics and environments of these events remain elusive despite recent(5, 6, 7, 8) localizations. Here we report the discovery of the first radio afterglow from the short burst GRB 050724, which unambiguously associates it with an elliptical galaxy at a redshift(9)z = 0.257. We show that the burst is powered by the same relativistic fireball mechanism as long GRBs, with the ejecta possibly collimated in jets, but that the total energy release is 10–1,000 times smaller. More importantly, the nature of the host galaxy demonstrates that short GRBs arise from an old (> 1 Gyr) stellar population, strengthening earlier suggestions(5, 6) and providing support for coalescing compact object binaries as the progenitors.
1. Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, California 91101, USA
2. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
3. Space Radiation Laboratory 220-47,
4. Caltech Optical Observatories 105-24, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125 USA
5. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 0, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
6. Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Observatories, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
7. Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
8. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
9. Gemini Observatory, 670 N. Aohoku Place Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
10. RSAA, ANU, Mt Stromlo Observatory, via Cotter Rd, Weston Creek, ACT 2611, Australia
11. Pomona College Department of Physics and Astronomy, 610 N. College Ave, Claremont, California 91711, USA
Correspondence to: E. Berger(1) Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to E.B. (Email: eberger@ociw.edu).
如夕照般的椭圆星河GRB 050724 主核心的短暂γ- 射线爆发
(1 ) E. Berger,( 2 ) P. A. Price,( 3 ) S. B. Cenko ,( 4 ) A. Gal- Yam,( 4 ) A. M. Soderberg ,( 4 ) M. Kasliwal ,( 4 ) D. C. Leonard,( 4 ) P. B. Cameron ,D. A. Frail(5 ),S. R. Kulkarni ( 4 ),D. C. Murphy( 1 ),W. Krzeminski ( 6 ),T. Piran ( 7 ),B. L. Lee( 8 ),K. C. Roth ( 9 ),D.-S. Moon( 3 ),D. B. Fox( 4 ),F. A. Harrison ( 3 ),S. E. Persson ( 1 ),B. P. Schmidt ( 10 ),B. E. Penprase ( 11 ),J. Rich( 10 ),B. A. Peterson ( 10 )和 L. L. Cowie ( 2 )
一个并不是很常见的现象,γ- 射线爆发 (GRBs) 可以以他们爆发期间的光谱 为基础分为 的长的- 软射线和短- 硬射线爆发这样二个类别( 1 )。 对GRBs 的夕照般的喷射长期研究的发现 有了划阶段的成果,精确地找到射线源所在星的星河( 2 ), 因此导致死亡的庞大的星, 同时找到( 3 )大约释放出 1*10^51 尔格的能量 的位置。虽然有争议的理论( 4 )一直认为短暂 GRBs 的源头是二个小型紧凑的物体 (中子星或黑色洞) 的接合,直到最近这些事件的热力学和环境的位置也非常难以确定( 5,6,7,8个)。 我们报告里发现了来自GRB 050724夕照般的短爆发的第一束射线, 清楚地确定了和 红移 ( 9 ) z=0.257 有联系的椭圆的星河.我们发现爆发作为一个长时间的 GRBs是相当强大的 如相对论机制的火球机械,理由是我们对喷射流中的喷出物进行了可能地校准,确定总能量释放是 10 – 1,000 倍比较小的爆发。 更重要的,目标星河的自然环境表明短暂 GRBs 从老(> 1 Gyr)的众多的恒星中出现,这为较早的认为两个小型紧凑的物体结合是放射源的理论提供了更多的支持( 5 , 6 )。
Re: 宇宙里γ射线爆发研究的新进展
An origin in the local Universe for some short γ-ray burstsN. R. Tanvir(1), R. Chapman(1), A. J. Levan(1) and R. S. Priddey(1)
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) divide into two classes(1): 'long', which typically have initial durations of T90 > 2 s, and 'short', with durations of T90 < 2 s (where T90 is the time to detect 90% of the observed fluence). Long bursts, which on average have softer γ-ray spectra(2), are known to be associated with stellar core-collapse events—in some cases simultaneously producing powerful type Ic supernovae(3, 4, 5). In contrast, the origin of short bursts has remained mysterious until recently. A subsecond intense 'spike' of γ-rays during a giant flare from the Galactic soft γ-ray repeater, SGR 1806–20, reopened an old debate over whether some short GRBs could be similar events seen in galaxies out to 70 Mpc (refs 6–10; redshift z 0.016). Shortly after that, localizations of a few short GRBs (with optical afterglows detected in two cases(11, 12)) have shown an apparent association with a variety of host galaxies at moderate redshifts(11, 12, 13, 14). Here we report a correlation between the locations of previously observed short bursts and the positions of galaxies in the local Universe, indicating that between 10 and 25 per cent of short GRBs originate at low redshifts (z < 0.025).
1. Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
Correspondence to: N. R. Tanvir(1) Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.R.T. (Email: nrt@star.herts.ac.uk).
在宇宙中定位短γ- 射线爆发的源头
N. R. Tanvir ( 1 ), R. Chapman( 1 ), A. J. Levan ( 1 )和 R. S. Priddey ( 1 )
伽马射线爆发 (GRBs) 可以分为两类( 1 ): '长型', 典型地是以 T90>2 秒 为活动周期, 另一种 '短型', T90 的时间 <2 秒(T90 表示观测到 90% 的 影响 需要的时间)。 长的爆发, 在平均上有比较广的γ- 射线 光谱范围 ( 2 ),现在知道某些这种爆发产生 与Ic型 超新星 的核心- 倒塌事件—产生的能量有关( 3,4 , 5 )。 与此不同的是,短爆发的起源直到最近还保持神秘。 在来自SGR 1806 – 20星河的软γ- 射线 庞大的闪光 后出现了一个附属的秒级别的强烈的'长钉'γ- 射线时段, 此事件重引起了旧的论题 即是否一些短 GRBs 可以在 约70 Mpc 范围内的星河中找到相似的对应事件 (涉及 6 – 10;红移 z约等于 0.016)。 在那之后不久,定位了一些具有相同的 红移的显然和目标星河存在联系的短 GRBs(发现了光学夕照两种情况( 11,12 ) ) ( 11,12,13,14 )。我们的报告说明了在先前观察的短爆发和在宇宙里定位银河的位置的相互关系,确定10%~25%的短 GRBs 射线源 有低的 红移差 (z<0.025)。
Re: 宇宙里γ射线爆发研究的新进展
An origin for short γ-ray bursts unassociated with current star formationS. D. Barthelmy(1), G. Chincarini(2,3), D. N. Burrows(4), N. Gehrels(1), S. Covino(2), A. Moretti(2), P. Romano(2), P. T. O'Brien(5), C. L. Sarazin(6), C. Kouveliotou(7), M. Goad(5), S. Vaughan(5), G. Tagliaferri(2), B. Zhang(8), L. A. Antonelli(9), S. Campana(2), J. R. Cummings(1,10), P. D'Avanzo(2,11), M. B. Davies(12), P. Giommi(13), D. Grupe(4), Y. Kaneko(14), J. A. Kennea(4), A. King(5), S. Kobayashi(4), A. Melandri(9), P. Meszaros(4,15), J. A. Nousek(4), S. Patel(14), T. Sakamoto(1,10) and R. A. M. J. Wijers(16)
Two short (< 2 s) γ-ray bursts (GRBs) have recently been localized(1, 2, 3, 4) and fading afterglow counterparts detected(2, 3, 4). The combination of these two results left unclear the nature of the host galaxies of the bursts, because one was a star-forming dwarf, while the other was probably an elliptical galaxy. Here we report the X-ray localization of a short burst (GRB 050724) with unusual -ray and X-ray properties. The X-ray afterglow lies off the centre of an elliptical galaxy at a redshift of z = 0.258 (ref. 5), coincident with the position determined by ground-based optical and radio observations(6, 7, 8). The low level of star formation typical for elliptical galaxies makes it unlikely that the burst originated in a supernova explosion. A supernova origin was also ruled out for GRB 050709 (refs 3, 31), even though that burst took place in a galaxy with current star formation. The isotropic energy for the short bursts is 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than that for the long bursts. Our results therefore suggest that an alternative source of bursts—the coalescence of binary systems of neutron stars or a neutron star-black hole pair—are the progenitors of short bursts.
1. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
2. INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
3. Universita degli studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza delle Scienze 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy
4. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
5. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
6. Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-0818, USA
7. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, NSSTC, XD-12, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
8. Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
9. Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati, 33 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
10. National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418, USA
11. Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
12. Lund Observatory, Box 43, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
13. ASI Science Data Center, Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
14. Universities Space Research Association, NSSTC, XD-12, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
15. Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
16. Astronomical Institute 'Anton Pannekoek', University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Correspondence to: S. D. Barthelmy(1) Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.D.B. (Email: scott@lheamail.gsfc.nasa.gov).
短γ- 射线爆发起源和现有星的形成 没有联系
(1 ) S. D. Barthelmy ,( 2,3 ) G. Chincarini ,( 4 ) D. N. Burrows,( 1 ) N. Gehrels ,( 2 ) S. Covino ,( 2 ) A. Moretti ,( 2 ) P. Romano ,( 5 ) P. T. O'Brien ,(6 ) C. L. Sarazin ,C. Kouveliotou ( 7 ),M. Goad( 5 ),S. Vaughan ( 5 ),G. Tagliaferri ( 2 ),B. Zhang ( 8 ),L. A. Antonelli ( 9 ),S. Campana ( 2 ),J. R. Cummings ( 1,10 ),P. D'Avanzo ( 2,11 ),M. B. Davies( 12 ),P. Giommi ( 13 ),D. Grupe ( 4 ),Y. Kaneko ( 14 ),J. A. Kennea ( 4 ),A. King( 5 ),S. Kobayashi ( 4 ),A. Melandri ( 9 ),P. Meszaros ( 4,15 ),J. A. Nousek ( 4 ),S. Patel ( 14 ),T. Sakamoto ( 1,10 )和 R. A. M. J. Wijers ( 16 )
二个短 (<2 秒) γ- 射线爆发 (GRBs) 最近被发现其位置( 1,2,3 , 4 )与( 2,3 , 4 )的夕照样的射流配对。这两个结果留下了不易了解的爆发目标星河的自然谜团 ,原因是一个是产生恒星的小天体 , 而另一个或许是椭圆的星河。我们的报告里用X光定位短爆发 (GRB 050724) 和不寻常的γ- 射线和 X光源头。 X光夕照射流 红移 z=0.258 与椭圆的星河中心稍微有点偏差 (涉及 5), 这是由以地面为基础的可见光和射线观测 一致决定的位置( 6,7,8 )。 因为典型的椭圆星河形成星的数量少 所以爆发不太可能起源于一个超新星爆发。在GRB 050709 中爆发发生在星河中也有恒星形成,超新星源也 (涉及 3,31) 被排除。 短爆发的等方向性的能量比长爆发低2 -3 个 数 量 级。 我们因此认为爆发的源头—一个可能的来源是两个中子星的系统合并或中子星- 黑洞对合并。
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