Gravity tractors beat bombs
Any threatening asteroids just need a nudge, say astronauts.
Mark Peplow
The next time an asteroid threatens to crash into the Earth, forget about calling Bruce Willis; send for a tractor driver instead. A pair of NASA astronauts has unveiled a design for an innovative space tug that could one day save the world.
Even a relatively small asteroid some 200 metres wide could be nasty if it hit the Earth, potentially taking out a small country. Researchers have taken this threat very seriously, and are looking at ways to predict future collisions and prevent them.
Just as in the film Armageddon, in which Bruce Willis helps to destroy an incoming asteroid, scientists have considered detonating a large nuclear device to split a rock into less threatening chunks. Although that may be a spectacular solution, Edward Lu of NASA's Johnson Space Centre in Houston, Texas, dismisses that as "the blast and hope method".
"The reason it's not a good idea is that you don't know the outcome," he explains. The internal structure of asteroids is poorly understood, and blasting the spinning rock at the wrong instant could even make the situation worse, he says.
Big tow
"What you really need is something controllable," Lu argues. And that means a space tug.
The difficulty with this is that an asteroid could be little more than a pile of rubble, making it difficult for the tug to hitch up. And as most asteroids rotate, an engine anchored to the surface would have to be fired intermittently to push the rock in the right direction, wasting precious time.
So Lu and his fellow astronaut Stanley Love propose a spacecraft that simply hovers over the surface of the asteroid, using gravity as a towline. In this week's Nature1, they calculate that a 20-tonne craft could safely deflect a typical 200-metre-wide asteroid in about a year, assuming there is 20 years of warning to launch and get into position.
Space invaders
"I think it's a fascinating idea," says David Morrison, a researcher at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. Morrison chairs the working group on near-Earth objects for the International Astronomical Union.
Morrison agrees that the threat of near-Earth asteroids should be taken seriously. Observation programmes such as the Spaceguard Survey are now scanning the skies for rogue rocks. "But no one has spent significant money on the issue of how to deflect it if we found one," says Morrison.
"Those asteroids we have discovered already are not an immediate threat," says Morrison. But given their rate of discovery, Morrison estimates that there may still be a handful lurking in space that have Earth in their sights.
Lu, who is part of the B612 Foundation, a group of space scientists who want to see asteroid-deflecting technology in place by 2015, has high hopes that the gravity tractor will be built.
To get it up and running, Lu recommends that the US government invests in nuclear-powered ion-propulsion engines, which are more manoeuvrable than chemical ones and are less vulnerable to running out of fuel. NASA recently cut the programme dedicated to developing this kind of propulsion system in favour of more immediately applicable projects.
Wait and see
引力拖拉机击败炸弹
宇航员说:任何有威胁的小行星只需轻轻一推便可化解。
如果下一次有小行星威胁地球,不必劳驾布鲁斯.威廉斯(主演世界末日);只需找一位拖拉机手即可。两位NASA的宇航员向大家展示了一款独具匠心的太空拖船,该船只需一天时间便可拯救世界。
一个只有约200米尺寸的小行星如果击中地球,其后果也将是不可估计的,它将使一小面积的国家毁于一旦。研究人员一直认真看待这一问题,努力预测可能的撞击并设法阻止它们。
就像电影《世界末日》中布鲁斯.威廉斯摧毁了来袭的小行星一样,科学家想引爆核武器将
小行星破裂成威胁更小的若干块。爱德华. Lu供职于德州休斯顿的NASA 约翰逊太空中心,他认为尽管这是一个听起来壮观的方法,但他看不到这种爆破法的希望所在。原因在于我们无法预计其后果,我们对小行星的内部结构知之甚少,如果在不合适的时段将旋转的石块爆破可能会使后果更糟。
大拖力
我们真正需要的是一种可控的东西,Lu认为,那就是太空拖船。
困难是:小行星可能只是一堆碎石头,这就使得太空拖船很难挂上它,再加上大多数小行星都有旋转,因此锚定在小行星表面的引擎只能间隔性地点火,以保证在正确的方向上推动小行星,这无疑是在浪费宝贵的时间。
因此,Lu和他的同事斯坦利.Love建议的太空拖船会盘旋在小行星上方靠引力作为纤绳。在本周的《自然》杂志上,他们计算得出一只20吨的太空船可以在一年之内将200米大小的小行星偏离到安全的轨道,前提是有20年的时间预先发现该小行星,并且拖船能够及时赶上。
太空入侵者
“我认为这真是一个很棒的想法,”大卫.莫里逊研究员说。 他职于加州Moffett Field的 NASA阿姆斯研究中心,他领导的团队致力于国际天文联合会下的近地天体课题。
莫里逊认同近地小行星的威胁必须得到重视的看法。像“太空防卫侦探”之类的观测项目正努力扫描天空中游荡的危险石块。“但没有谁在一旦发现它们后该如何使它们偏离的问题上投入足够的资金。”
“那些已被发现的小行星不会马上形成威胁,”莫里逊说。但鉴于目前发现的速度,他估计仍有一些潜伏者正向地球袭来。
B612基金的成员由一帮太空科学家组成,他们致力于在2015年前找到小行星偏离的技术。Lu作为该基金成员极力希望该引力拖拉机能够建成。
为使得该机器能够建成并运转,Lu推荐美国政府对核动力的离子推进引擎进行投资,该引擎具有比化学动力引擎更好的机动性,持航能力更强。NASA最近为了发展能够尽快投入使用的推进系统而将该项目撤掉。
我们拭目以待 |
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